I-solid

Livela
Umzobo obonisa okokuba zimi njani na ii-molecules kwi-solid.

I-Solid sesinye sezimo ezine ezixhaphakileyo sendlela ezimi ngayo izinto. Iimolecules kwi-isolids zisondelelene ngokungathi ziminxene, inye kuphela intshukumo ezinokuyenza, kukungcangcazela. Oku kuthetha okokuba ii-solids zinohlobo ezimile ngalo, hlobo olo lunokutshintsha kuhela xa kuthe kwakhoamandla athe asetyenziswa ukuzityhla okanye ukuzitsala. Akunjalo ke kwizinto ezingamanzi nakwizinto ezingumoya zona kaloku zisoloko zibhadula nje ziyabula nanini na zikhululekile, okokuyabula kwazo ke kuthiwa yi-flow.

Xa i-solid isibangamanzi, kuthiwa iyanyibilika. Izinto ezingamanzi zibayi-solid ziqothole zibengumkhenkce. Ezinye ii-solid ezifana nomkhenkce owomileyo, ziyakwazi ukutshintsha zibengumoya zingakhange ziqale zibenganzi kuqala. Olo tshintsho ke kuthiwa yi-sublimation.

Iindidi ze-solid[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]

Amandla aphakathi kwee-atoms akw-isolid angabonakala ngeendlela ngeendlela. Umzekelo, i-crystal yesodium chloride (ityuwa eyaziwayoityuwa yesiqhelo) yenziwe ngeion sodium ne-chlorine, ezidityaniswe ngee-bond zeion. Kwidayimani okanye i-silicon, ii-atom zabelana ngeeelectron zize zenze iicovalent bonds. Kwiimetal, ii-electrons zikwi-metallic bonding. ezinye ii-solids, njengee organic compounds ezininzi, zidityaniswe ng"amandla evan der Waals" avela kwipolarization of the electronic charge cloud on each molecule. The dissimilarities between the types of solid come from the differences between their bonding.

Metals[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]

The pinnacle of New York's Chrysler Building, the world's tallest steel-supported brick building.

Most metals are strong, dense, and good conductors of both electricity and heat. The mass of the elements in the periodic table, those to the left of a diagonal line drawn from boron to polonium, are metals. Mixtures of two or more elements in which the big component is a metal are known as alloys.

People have been using metals for many purposes since prehistoric times. The strength and relialbility of metals has led to their widespread use in making of buildings and other things, as well as in most vehicles, many tools, pipes, road signs and railroad tracks. Iron and aluminium are the two most commonly used metals. They are also the most common metals in the Earth's crust. Iron is most commonly used in the form of an alloy, steel, which has up to 2.1% carbon, making it much harder than pure iron.

Since metals are good conductors of electricity, they are valuable in electrical tools and for carrying an electric current over long distances with little energy loss. Because of this, electrical power grids rely on metal cables to get electricity. Home electrical systems, for example, are wired with copper for its good conducting uses. The high thermal conductivity of most metals also makes them useful for stovetop cooking utensils.

Minerals[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]

A collection of different minerals.

Minerals are natural solids formed through many geological processes under high pressures. To be thought as a true mineral, a substance must have a crystal structure with uniform physical things throughout. Minerals differ in composition from pure elements and simple salts to very complex silicates with thousands of known forms. In contrast, a rock sample is a random aggregate of minerals and/or mineraloids, and has no specific chemical composition. Most of the rocks of the Earth's crust have quartz (crystalline SiO2), feldspar, mica, chlorite, kaolin, calcite, epidote, olivine, augite, hornblende, magnetite, hematite, limonite and a few other minerals. Some minerals, like quartz, mica or feldspar are common, while others have been found in only a few places in the world. The largest group of minerals by far is the silicates (most rocks are ≥95% silicates), zenziwe ngokuyinhloko nge-silicon kunye ne-oxygen, also with ions of aluminium, magnesium, iron, calcium and other metals.

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