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Ilungu:Sandisiwewam/Ikumkani uHintsa kaKhawuta

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Ikumkani uHintsa ka Khawuta (1780 – 12 May 1835), owaziwa ngelika Kumkani Omkhulu uHintsa, waye eyikumkani yesizwe sama Xhosa, sona ke esasekwa ngukhokho wakhe omkhulu, ikumkani uTshawe. Uphethe ukusuka ngomnyaka we 1820 ukuyoma ekuswelekeni kwakhe kumnayaka we 1835. Isizwe samaXhosa, ebuphezulwini baso, nasekuphatheni kwakhe ngokongamela ukusuka kumlambo uMbhashe, emazantsi eMthatha ukutsho kumlambo we Xelexwa kumazantsi wempuma koloni

Ikumkani uHintsa ukhokhele obona bukumkani bukhulu bama Xhosa ukwehla kumazatsi eMpuma Koloni, waze ke wadiba nedabi lemfazwe kunye nesizwe samaNgesi nokwanda kwempatho gadalala yamaNgesi lawo ukwehla emazantsi kapa iminyaka elikhulu kwizizukulwana ngezizukulwana kusedani.

Ubu kumkani bamaXhosa bukhokhlwe zizindlu ezimbini, ekaGcaleka (indlu enkulu) nephetheyo, kunye nendlu ka Rharhabe le yase kunene yona.

Ubukumkani obona bebuphethe kunye ngelixa le kumkani uHintsa:

  • AbaThembu phantsi kwe kumkani uNgubengcuka,
  • AmaMpondo phantsi kwe kumkani uFaku,
  • AmaBomvana phantsi kwe kumkani uGambushe,
  • AmaBhaca phantsi kwe kumkani uMadzikane,
  • AmaMpondomise phantsi kwe kumkani uMatiwane.

Nangona ngobuzwe bangena phantsi kwesizwe sama Xhosa, AmaMpondo nabo AbaThembu ibingamazwe azimeleyo.

Ethubeni lakhe lokulawula kwaye kukho izindlu zase bukhosini ezilishumi elinesinye, kwaye AbaThembu, AmaMpondo, kunye nama Bhaca bebezikhokhele kodwa phantsi kobu kumkani bamaXhosa. Ithi lonto bebenobuzwe obubobabo.

Ebutsheni be kumkani uHintsa

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Umnombo kunye nezizalwana

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Ukumkani uHintsa waye engunyana ka Khawuta yena ongunyana ka Gcaleka. UKhawuta yena yaye inguye omdala kuGcaleka, Gcaleka ozalwa ngu Phalo. Unina uNobutho lithi ke waye eyintombi ka Thatshu oyise yaye ingu Xhoba no yisemkhulu ongu Thukwa wase ba Thenjini.

Ukumkani uHintsa ogowethoba ukwehla ezantsi kumnombo ke osukela kwikumkani uTshawe

Ukumkani uHintsa waye enonyana abane, uSarhili ozalwa ngu Hintsa (1810) ukusekela kwi nkosikazi yakhe yokuqala uNomsa kaGambushe Thsezi no Ncaphayi ka Hintsa, Manxiwa ka Hintsa kunye noLindinyurha ka Hintsa ozalwa yena ngumfazi wesibini.

Ixesha lakhe ukumkani uHintsa ekhokhele

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Ikumkani uHinsta waba yikumkani ngomnyaka wama 1804, ngamxhelo mnye wabekwa esihlalweni sakhe ngomnyakwa wama 1820 emveni kuka malume wakhe uNqoko ozalwa ngu Gcaleka waye ebambe okwethutyana.

Ikumkani uHintsa ufaniswa nokhokho wakhe ukumkani uTshawe ozalwa ngu Nkosiyamntu.

Kwezobugorha neZomlo okanye iimvazwe

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Isizwe samaXhosa yaye isesinye sezizwe esinamandla apha eAfrika kwaye ke nalapha emzantsi wayo.

Abanye ababhali bembali bayalandula ngelithi ikumkani le uHintsa nangona waye enebutho lokulwa elikhulu, ayinguye kodwa eyona kumkani eyayongamele kwiikumkani zamaXhosa (batsho).

Ungenelelo kunye neemfazwe zasekhaya

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Ngexesha lolawulo lwakhe, ubuKumkani bamaXhosa babungquzulana neKoloni yaseKapa . Isizwe sakwaXhosa sasiphantsi koxinizelelo lweemfazwe zobukhaya phakathi kweenkosi nohlaselo lwezizwe eziziimbacu ezisuka kumaMfecane .

Iqela lokuqala elihlaselayo ekwanyanzeleke ukuba aqubisane nalo amaXhosa, lilo elaliza kuba ‘ngamaBhaca’ akhokelwa nguMadzikane. Emva kweentshukumo ezininzi, amaBhaca afuduka ehlela eThembuland apho ahlasela indlu yaseKunene amaTshatshu, nto leyo eyabangela ukuba abalekele kuMaqoma ukuze akhuseleke. Izikumkani zamaXhosa, abaThembu namaMpondomise zadibanisa amandla zawatyumza amaBhaca, abulala uMadzikane (1823-5). AmaBhaca angena kumanyano olungakhululekanga namaMpondo aza ahlasela amaBomvana ngokuhlangeneyo kodwa lo nto yagxothwa nguPhakamileyo, uHintsa.

Imfazwe yoMda weSithandathu (1834–1836) phakathi kwamaXhosa namaNgesi maxa wambi yaziwa ngokuba yiMfazwe kaHintsa. Imfazwe yaqhambuka xa iqela lamaKomanisi kurhulumente waseKapa lalijikeleza umhlaba kufuphi nomlambo iKat owawuphethwe ziinkosi zamaRharhabe uMaqoma, uTyali noBotumane kweyoMnga ngo1834. La mapolisa akhulisa ubukrakra uMaqoma noTyali emva kokuba besuswe ngenkani ngurhulumente waseKapa eTyume Valley ngo1833. Ngomhla wama-21 kweyoMnga ngowe - 1834, umkhosi omkhulu wamaXhosa angamaRharhabe amalunga ne-10 000 owawukhokelwa nguMaqoma, noTyali watshayela kwiKoloni yaseKapa, walidlavula ilizwe phakathi kweWinterberg nolwandle. UHintsa wanikezela ngenkxaso yokuziphatha kwiinkosi kodwa akazange athumele mkhosi ukuba uzincede. [1]

Emva kokulwa iinyanga eziliqela, imikhosi yaseBrithani ekhokelwa nguSir Harry Smith kunye noSir Benjamin d'Urban baqonda ukuba iphulo labo liye lahamba ixesha elide kwaye laliza kubenza bangathandwa ngabasemagunyeni eBritani. Ukomeleza uhlaselo lwabo, bacela uHintsa ukuba ahlasele iinkosi zamaRharhabe . Ekuqaleni kuka February 1835, uHintsa wanikela ngekhulu lamadoda kodwa zahamba iiveki kwacaca ukuba uHintsa akazimiselanga ukungcatsha iinkosi zamaRharhabe . U-d'Urban wasebenzisa oku njengesizathu sokubhengeza imfazwe noHintsa. Nangona kunjalo, uHintsa wakhetha ukuthetha izinto kunye neBhritane. [1]

Ngomhla we-14 ku-Epreli 1835 irhuluneli yaseBritane uMhlekazi uBenjamin d'Urban waqubisana noKumkani uHintsa ngomkhosi omkhulu. UD'Urban wagxininisa ukuba uHintsa wayeyinkokeli yesizwe samaXhosa siphela kwaye wambeka uxanduva lohlaselo lokuqala lweKoloni yaseKoloni, nokuthatha iinkomo ezazibiwe ekuqaleni kwamaXhosa. I-d'Urban yayalela le migaqo ilandelayo kuHintsa: Ukuba lonke ilizwe ukusuka kumda wangaphambili weKapa, uMlambo i-Keiskamma, ukuya kuthi ga kuMlambo i-Great Kei uya kufakwa njenge "Phondo likaKumkanikazi wase-Adelaide" waseBritani, kwaye abemi balo babhengeza ukuba ngabantu baseBritani, kwaye zonke iinkomo ekuqaleni zazithi kwezakwaXhosa zibuyiselwe kwiKoloni yaseKapa. [1]

Emenywe kwiingxoxo zoxolo yirhuluneli yeKapa, uHarry Smith, amaNgesi afuna imbuyekezo yeenkomo ezingama-50 000 ngemfazwe ka-1834, kwaye uHintsa ayalele iinkosi zakhe ukuba zinikezele. Wabanjwa ke uHintsa de kwafezekiswa imiqathango.

UHintsa wathumela umyalezo kuMaqoma, umphathi-mkhosi wakhe, emlumkisa ukuba azilungiselele ukukhusela ilizwe. [2] [3]

NgoMeyi ka-1835, uHintsa wayekhwele njengebanjwa [5] egadwe yinkampani yamajoni aseBritane eyayikhokelwa nguHarry Smith . UMostert ubalisa ibali: [4]

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 Etherington, Norman (2014) The Great Treks: The Transformation of Southern Africa 1815-1854 Routledge pp. 232– ISBN 978-1-317-88313-5  Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name "Hintsa2" defined multiple times with different content
  2. ↑ MANCOTYWA, SONWABILE (15 May 2010) "Coronation of Xhosa king a time for unity" Times LIVE archived from the original on 2012-10-04 retrieved 2016-03-23 
  3. ↑ "CAPE OF GOOD HOPE. - CAFFER IRRUPTION." The Sydney Herald 16 July 1835 retrieved 2016-03-23 
  4. ↑ Mostert, Noël (1992) Frontiers: The epic of South Africa's creation and the tragedy of the Xhosa people (in English) (1st American ed.) New York: Alfred A Knopf Incorporated pp. 724–726 ISBN 0-679-40136-9 

Ubunyani bengxelo yokubhubha kukaHintsa abunakuthenjwa ngokupheleleyo. Umbhali-mbali waseMzantsi Afrika u-Premesh Lalu uphawule ukuba oovimba bobukoloniyali base-Bhritani badlulisa “ihlabathi elicingelwayo lamagosa angamathanga, abaphambukeli kunye nabavangeli basemazweni [aba]kwabavelele kulwakhiwo luka-Hintsa kunye nokuthetheleleka kokubulawa kwakhe”. [1] Iinkcukacha ezifana nokumkani ezama ukubaleka, ephosa umkhonto wakhe "engenabungozi" kwaye ekhala "inceba" kusenokwenzeka ukuba zongezwe ukuze kuncitshiswe iwonga lakhe kwimbali inkokeli yomkhosi ekhaliphile. [2]

UHintsa uthathwa njengeqhawe eMzantsi Afrika nakwimbali yamaXhosa . Iimfazwe zakhe, ubuKumkani bakwaXhosa nokubhubha kwabo okwalandelayo kwabeka isiseko sokusekwa koMzantsi Afrika njengelizwe. Ulwazi ngembali yakhe lusasazwa ngemibongo namabali kwaye usoloko efaniswa nokhokho wakhe uTshawe kaNkosiyamntu.

Ngo-1996 uNicholas Tilana Gcaleka, oyinzalelwane kaHintsa, wathi ubuyise ukakayi lukaHintsa olwaluneminyaka eli-161 ubudala eSkotlani. Ukwathi wayengumtshana kaHintsa kwaye wabizwa yimimoya yezinyanya zakhe ukuba aye eSkotlani ukuya kufuna intloko kaHintsa. Inkosi yamaXhosa uXolilizwe Sigcawu kunye nenkundla yakhe yalile ukunika imvume yokungcwatywa kokakayi kuba besithi ayiyontloko kaHintsa. Iimvavanyo ze-forensic emva koko zangqina ukuba ukhakhayi yeyona nto inokuba lukakayi lomfazi waseYurophu oneminyaka ephakathi. [3]

Imbasa yeKing Hintsa Bravery yeenkokheli eziphila kwaye zisebenza ngomoya kaHintsa kaKhawuta yasekwa ngo1999. Yawongwa uJacob Zuma ngo-2012. [4] [5] Abakhe baphumelela eli wonga baquka uRobert Mugabe, umongameli waseZimbabwe. Eli wonga linikezelwa yikumkani yamaXhosa elawulayo.

Ngo-2014, iCentane Technical College, Teko Technical College, HB Tsengwa Technical College kunye neDutywa Satellite eyayifudula ibizwa ngokuba yiIdutywa Community College zadityaniswa zaseka iKing Hintsa Tvet College ngembeko kaKumkani uHintsa ngo2013. Ikomkhulu lale kholeji liseGcuwa, eMpuma Koloni. Rhoqo ngoMeyi, ukusukela ngo-2013 le kholeji ibiqhuba iNtetho yeSikhumbuzo sikaKumkani uHintsa. [6] [7]

Iimbekiselo

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  1. ↑ Lalu, Premesh (2008) The Deaths of Hintsa: Postapartheid South Africa and the Shape of Recurring Pasts HSRC Press ISBN 9780796922335 
  2. ↑ Lalu, Premesh (2008) The deaths of Hintsa: post-apartheid South Africa and the shape of recurring pasts Cape Town: HSRC Press pp. 66–68 ISBN 9780796922335 
  3. ↑ Mkhize, Nomalanga (March 2009) "Nicholas Gcaleka and the Search for Hintsa's Skull" Journal of Southern African Studies (Taylor & Francis Ltd) 35 (1): 211–221 JSTOR 40283223 doi:10.1080/03057070802685650 – via JSTOR 
  4. ↑ "Remarks by MEC Elisa Mabe during the occasion of bestowing the State President with King Hintsa Bravery Award Nqadu Royal Palace in Willowvale, Eastern Cape." South African Government 11 December 2012 retrieved 7 May 2023 
  5. ↑ "Address by President Jacob Zuma during The King Hintsa Bravery Awards conferred by King Zwelonke Sigcawu Nqadu Royal Palace, Kwa-Gcaleka Great Place, Willowvale, Eastern Cape." South African Government 11 December 2012 retrieved 7 May 2023 
  6. ↑ "King Hintsa TVET College" retrieved 11 October 2017 
  7. ↑ "King Hintsa Memorial Lecture 2017" retrieved 11 October 2017 
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