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Mali

Livela

IMali, ngokusemthethweni iRiphabhlikhi yaseMali, lilizwe elibekwe kumbindi weNtshona Afrika kwaye ivaliwe. Lilizwe lesibhozo ngobukhulu eAfrika, linendawo engaphezulu kwe-1,240,000 km²; inani labantu lifikelela kwi-21.3 yezigidi zabantu, i-67% kubo kuqikelelwa ukuba bangaphantsi kweminyaka engama-25 ngo-2017. [1] Emantla umda weAlgeria, ukuya empuma kunye neNiger, emazantsi kunye neBurkina Faso kunye ne-Ivory Coast, emazantsi-ntshona kunye neGuinea nasentshona neSenegal kunye neMauritania ; ikomkhulu yiBamako, nesesona sixeko sikhulu kweli lizwe. Urhulumente unemimandla esibhozo, kwaye umda wawo osemantla ufikelela kubunzulu bentlango yeSahara, ngelixa indawo esemazantsi yelizwe ifakwe kwi-savannah yaseSudan, apho imilambo yaseNiger neSenegal ihamba khona, nalapho uninzi lwabantu luhlala khona. inxalenye yabemi. Uqoqosho lwelizwe lugxile kwezolimo kunye nemigodi: enye yemithombo yendalo ephambili yaseMali igolide, apho ingumlimi wesithathu omkhulu kwilizwekazi laseAfrika; ikwathumela ityuwa kwamanye amazwe. [2]

I-Mali yangoku yayiyinxalenye yamazwe amathathu aseNtshona Afrika alawula iindlela zokurhweba kwi-Sahara : Ubukhosi baseGhana (okuthiwa yiGhana), uBukhosi baseMali (obizwa ngokuba yiMali) kunye ne- Songhai Empire . Kwincopho yayo, ngeminyaka yoo-1300s, ubukhosi baseMali bugubungele indawo emalunga nokuphinda kabini ubungakanani beFransi yanamhlanje, kwaye banwenwela kunxweme olusentshona Afrika. [3] Ekupheleni kwenkulungwane ye-19, ngexesha lokwahlulwa kweAfrika, iFransi yathatha ulawulo lweMali, iyenza ibe yinxalenye yeSudan yaseFransi (eyaziwa ngokuba yiRiphabhlikhi yaseSudan), eyayimanyene neSenegal ngo-1959, emva koko yafumana inkululeko ngo-1960. Imanyano yaseMali. Kungekudala emva koko, emva kokurhoxa kweSenegal kumanyano, iRiphabhlikhi yaseSudan yazivakalisa izimele phantsi kwegama leRiphabhlikhi yaseMali. Emva kwexesha elide lolawulo lweqela elinye, ubhukuqo-mbuso ngowe-1991 lwakhokelela kumgaqo-siseko omtsha nokusekwa korhulumente wedemokhrasi, onamaqela amaninzi.

NgoJanuwari 2012 , ungquzulwano oluxhobileyo lwaqhambuka enyakatho yeMali, apho umvukeli uTuareg wathatha ulawulo lwendawo esemantla, kwaye wabhengeza ukuhlukaniswa kwelizwe elitsha, i-Azawad, ngo-Epreli. [4] Ungquzulwano lwenziwa nzima ngakumbi lubhukuqo-mbuso lukaMatshi 2012 [5] kunye nemilo eyalandelayo phakathi kweTuareg kunye namanye amaqela avukelayo. Ekuphenduleni ukuzuza kwemimandla, umkhosi waseFransi uqalise i-Operation Serval ngoJanuwari 2013. [6] Emva kwenyanga, imikhosi yaseMali kunye neFransi yaphinda yoyisa phantse wonke umntla; unyulo lukamongameli lwabanjwa ngomhla wama-28 kweyeKhala ngowama-2013, ngomjikelo wesibini ngowe-11 Agasti, kwaye unyulo lwasepalamente lwabanjwa ngomhla wama-24 kuNovemba nowama-25 kuDisemba waloo nyaka.

Kwi-2020 kunye ne -2021, ukukhwabanisa okubini kuka -Assimi Goïta kwenzeka eMali.

IBurkina Faso, iMali kunye neNiger ibhengeze ukusekwa kwelizwe elitsha, elithi " I-Confederation of Sahel States ", idibanisa amazwe amathathu kunye neenjongo zomkhosi, ezoqoqosho kunye nezokhuseleko. [7]

  1. "Index Mundi using CIA World Factbook statistics, 20 gennaio 2018" 
  2. Human Development Indices, Table 3: Human and income poverty, p. 6. 16 gennaio 2022
  3. Mali Empire (ca. 1200) | The Black Past: Remembered and Reclaimed. The Black Past. 16 gennaio 2022.
  4. Polgreen, Lydia and Cowell, Alan (6 aprile 2012) "Mali Rebels Proclaim Independent State in North", The New York Times
  5. UN Security Council condemns Mali coup. Telegraph (23 marzo 2012).
  6. "Mali – la France a mené une série de raids contre les islamistes" 12 gennaio 2013 
  7. "Niger, Burkina Faso, Mali military leaders sign treaty to become confederation"