Ubuhlanga eMzantsi Afrika
Ubuhlanga , ukwahlulela okanye ubandlululo eMzantsi Afrika kwaye inemiphumela emibi eluntwini ,ubuhlanga okanye ukwahlulela bunokulandwa emva kwiingxelo zasembo zentsebenziswano phakathi kwabantu baseAfrika, baseAsia nabaseYurophu kunxweme lwaseMzantsi eAfrika . [1] [2] Ikho kwiinkulungwane ezininzi kwimbali yoMzantsi Afrika, [1] [2] isukela emva yamaDatshi yaseMazantsi eAfrika eyaqala ngo-1652 [1] [2] Phambi kokuba kuphunyezwe ilungelo lehlabathi jikelele ngo-1994, abemi baseMzantsi Afrika abaMhlophe, ingakumbi amaBhunu ngexesha localucalulo, babexhamla kumalungelo namalungelo awahlukeneyo avunywe ngumthetho okanye avunywe ngokwasentlalweni awayevinjwe abantu bomthonyama baseAfrika. [1] [2] [3] Imizekelo yobuhlanga obucwangcisiweyo ngexesha lembali yoMzantsi Afrika iquka ukugxothwa ngenkani, ubukhulu nobuncinane ngokobuhlanga, nocalucalulo, ulwabiwo olungalinganiyo lwezibonelelo, nokungavunyelwa . [2] [3] Iingxwabangxwaba zobuhlanga nezopolitiko zihlala ziyinto ephambili kweli lizwe. [2] [3] [4]
Ubuhlanga bobukoloniyali[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]
Ummandla owawuza kuba nguMzantsi Afrika wale mihla wawukwindawo yoncedo kubarhwebi baseYurophu ababefuna ukuququzelela nokwenza urhwebo e- East Indies, ingakumbi amakholoniyali angamaPhuthukezi namaDatshi . [1] Ngowe-1652, iNkampani yaseDutch East India yaseka iKoloni yaseCape eCape of Good Hope . [1] Injongo yale koloni yayikukuqinisekisa ukuba iinqanawa zamaDatshi eziya nokubuya eBatavia zaziza kuba nomthombo wezinto ezintsha, njengoko ukufa yindlala kwabanga inani elikhulu labakhweli. Ngexesha lolawulo lwamaDatshi, abahlali baseDatshi (ekugqibeleni baziwa ngokuba ngamaBhunu ) baqalisa ukufudukela kwikoloni, besungula iindawo zokuhlala kulo mmandla wonke. [1] [2] [5] [6]
Ucalucalulo ngokobuhlanga[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 Houston, Gregory (2022) "Racial Privilege in Apartheid South Africa" in Houston, Gregory; Kanyane, Modimowabarwa; Davids, Yul Derek Paradise Lost: Race and Racism in Post-apartheid South Africa Africa-Europe Group for Interdisciplinary Studies 28 Leiden and Boston: Brill Publishers pp. 35–72 ISBN 978-90-04-51594-9 ISSN 1574-6925 doi:10.1163/9789004515949_003
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 Bradshaw, Debbie; Norman, Rosana; Laubscher, Ria; Schneider, Michelle; Mbananga, Nolwazi; Steyn, Krisela (2004) "Chapter 19: An Exploratory Investigation into Racial Disparities in the Health of Older South Africans" in Anderson, N. B.; Bulatao, R. A.; Cohen, B. Critical Perspectives on Racial and Ethnic Differences in Health in Late Life Washington, D.C.: National Academies Press on behalf of the National Research Council Panel on Race, Ethnicity, and Health in Later Life pp. 703–736 ISBN 978-0-309-16570-9 PMID 20669464 doi:10.17226/11086 NBK25536
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 "Race in South Africa: 'We haven't learnt we are human beings first'" BBC News (London) 21 January 2021 archived from the original on 5 November 2022 retrieved 10 November 2022 Unknown parameter
|url-status=ignored (help) - ↑ Kaziboni, Anthony (2022) "Apartheid Racism and Post-apartheid Xenophobia: Bridging the Gap" in Rugunanan, Pragna; Xulu-Gama, Nomkhosi Migration in Southern Africa: IMISCOE Regional Reader IMISCOE Research Series Cham, Switzerland: Springer Nature pp. 201–213 ISBN 978-3-030-92114-9 ISSN 2364-4095 doi:10.1007/978-3-030-92114-9_14 Unknown parameter
|doi-access=ignored (help) - ↑ "South Africa - Growth of the colonial economy" Britannica.com
- ↑ "History of slavery and early colonisation in South Africa | South African History Online" www.sahistory.org.za