Thomas Edison

UThomas Alva Edison, owazalwa ngoFebruwari 11, 1847 eMilan, eOhio waza wafa ngo-Oktobha 18, 1931 eWest Orange, eNew Jersey, wayengumqambi waseMelika, usosayensi kunye nosomashishini.

Umseki woMbane kaWonke-wonke, elinye lamagunya aphambili kwezoshishino, wayengumyili ochumileyo (ngaphezu kwe-1,000 patent3). Uvulindlela wombane, umsasazi, umsasazi, wayengomnye wabavelisi abaphambili be-cinema (ekunye, phakathi kwabanye, uWilliam Kennedy Laurie Dickson, u-Émile Reynaud, uAuguste noLouis Lumière, uJules Carpentier)4,5,6 kunye nokurekhoda kwesandi (kunye Charles Cross). Ngamanye amaxesha ubizwa ngokuba "yi-wizard yaseMenlo Park", idolophu yaseNew Jersey ebizwa ngokuba yi "Edison" ngembeko yakhe ngo-1954.

UThomas Alva7 Edison ngumntwana wesixhenxe kunye nowokugqibela8 kaSamuel Edison (1804-1896), waseKhanada wemvelaphi yaseDatshi, owabaleka eCanada ngenxa yokuba wathatha inxaxheba kwimvukelo ye-1837-18389 kwaye ngubani owaba ngumthengisi wesibini. , igrocer, umthengisi wezindlu, uMchweli. Umama wakhe, uNancy Elliot (1810-1871), owayesakuba ngumfundisi-ntsapho, naye wayengowaseKhanada kodwa enemvelaphi yaseScotland. Utata kaNancy wayeligorha leMfazwe yoTshintsho lwaseMelika. UThomas Alva Edison ungoyena mncinci kusapho oluthobekileyo olumkhuthaza ngokwengqondo nakwezopolitiko.

Ngomnyaka we-1854, xa wayeneminyaka eyi-7 ubudala, intsapho yakhe yafudukela ePort Huron, eMichigan apho uyise wafumana umsebenzi wokuba ngumchweli. Umfundisi-ntsapho wakhe, uMfundisi uEngle, umgqala njengesidenge ngenxa yokuba unomdla kakhulu, ubuza imibuzo emininzi kwaye akafundi ngokukhawuleza ngokwaneleyo. Emva kweenyanga ezintathu zezifundo, wagxothwa esikolweni sakhe. Encediswa ngumama wakhe owamnika izifundo ekhaya, emva koko wagqiba uqeqesho lwakhe olusisiseko njenge-autodidact egqibeleleyo, efunda ababhali ababalaseleyo abanjengoCharles Dickens okanye uShakespeare, kwaye watya zonke iincwadi zesayensi awayeziswe ngumama wakhe, ngakumbi umsebenzi wokulinga. Isikolo sefiziksi yeFilosofi yeNdalo nguRichard Green Parker11. Ngenzondelelo uquqa kwithala leencwadi laseDetroit: “Ukuba ndikhumbula kakuhle, ndandiqala ngencwadi yokuqala kwishelufu esezantsi ndaza ndaqwenga zonke ezinye, enye emva kwenye. Andizange ndifunde iincwadi ezimbalwa; Ndalifunda lonke ithala leencwadi. »

Luluhlu lwezinto ezininzi apha zimbalwa:

• Ngo-1877: igramafoni, umdlali wokuqala worhwebo kwiisilinda kwaye emva koko kwiidiski
• I-1879: isibane se-incandescent (ukuphuculwa kokuveliswa kukaJoseph Swan). Umzekelo: kwintengiso, isibane sebhedi (Lampe de Chevet) uhlobo lwe-E 27 lubhekisela ku-Edison, isiseko si-27 mm ububanzi.
• Ngo-1879: isiphumo se-Edison esiyimbonakaliso yokukhutshwa kwakhona kwee-electron ukusuka kwi-filament eshushu (iintsuku zokuqala ze-tube electronics)
• Ngo-1882: isikhululo samandla sangoku esithe ngqo kwizibane ze-1,200, ukuhanjiswa kwenethiwekhi (kakhulu) kuluhlu olufutshane kunye nengozi ephantsi ebantwini.
• Ngo-1891: ikhamera yokuqala ye-cinematographic, i-kinetograph, okokuqala isebenzisa ifilimu ebanzi ye-19 mm kunye ne-horizontal scrolling kunye neefoto zesetyhula (Dickson Greeting)