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Incwadi

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Iincwadi

Incwadi

Etymology

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Igama elithi incwadi livela kwiSingesi Sakudala ibōc, ekunokwenzeka ukuba ivela kwingcambu yaseJamani *bōk-, ethetha u " beech ". [1] Ngeelwimi zeSlavic ezifana nesiRashiya, isiBulgaria, isiMacedonia буква bukva —"ileta" ihambelana ne "beech". NgesiRashiya, isiSerbia kunye nesiMacedonia, igama elithi букварь ( bukvar' ) okanye буквар ( bukvar ) ibhekisa kwincwadi yesikolo samabanga aphantsi enceda abantwana abancinane babe nobuchule bokufunda nokubhala. Ngoko ke kucingelwa ukuba imibhalo yokuqala yase-Indo-European inokuba yakrolwa kumthi we-beech. [2] Igama lesiLatini elithi "codex", elithetha incwadi ngokwengqiqo yanamhlanje (ebotshwe namagqabi ahlukeneyo), ntlandlolo yayithetha “ibhloko yomthi”. [3]

Iingcaciso

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Kwimo yayo yale mihla, incwadi idla ngokuqulunqwa ngamaphepha amaninzi (ahlala enziwe ngamaphepha, enziwe ngesikhumba okanye evellum) adityaniswa eludinini olunye aze akhuselwe ngeqweqwe. Ngokwandiswa, incwadi ibhekisa kumxholo wencwadi ebonakalayo ebhaliweyo, eshicilelweyo, okanye enemifanekiso. Inxalenye enye okanye isahlulo somsebenzi omde obhaliweyo unokubizwa ngokuba yincwadi, ngakumbi kwimisebenzi ethile equlunqwe kudala, inxalenye nganye imbonakalo ka-Aristotle, umzekelo, yincwadi. [4]

Kunzima ukwenza ingcaciso echanekileyo yencwadi eyichaza ngokucacileyo ukusuka kwezinye iindidi zezinto ezibhaliweyo kwixesha kunye nenkcubeko. Intsingiselo yeli gama itshintshile kakhulu ngokuhamba kwexesha ngokuvela kwamajelo onxibelelwano. [5] Umbhali wembali weencwadi uJames Raven uye wacebisa ukuba xa kufundwa indlela iincwadi eziye zasetyenziswa ngayo ukunxibelelana, kufuneka zichazwe ngendlela ebandakanya ngokubanzi njengeendlela, eziphathwayo, ezihlala zihleli, eziphindiweyo nezifundekayo, zokurekhoda nokusasaza ulwazi, kunokuxhomekeka kwizinto ezibonakalayo okanye ezingokomxholo. Oku kuya kubandakanya, umzekelo, iincwadi zombane, amaphephandaba, kunye nequipus (uhlobo lokurekhoda olusekwe kwiqhina ngokwembali esetyenziswa ngamasiko eAndean yaseMzantsi Melika ), kodwa kungekhona izinto ezimisiweyo kwindawo ezifana nezikhumbuzo ezibhaliweyo. [6] [7]

Inkcazo engqongqo inikezwa yi-UNESCO ngenjongo yokushicilela izibalo zesizwe malunga nokuveliswa kweencwadi, kucetyiswa ukuba incwadi ichazwe "njengopapasho olushicilelweyo olungelona ushicilelo lwamaxa athile yamaphepha angama-49 ubuncinane, ngaphandle kwamaphepha angaphandle, apapashwe kweli lizwe kwaye enziwe afumaneke kuluntu", ekwahlula kwezinye izinto ezibhaliweyo ezifana neencwadana. Kovač et al. bayihlabile le ngcaciso ngokusilela ukunika ingxelo kwiifomathi zedijithali ezintsha. Bacebisa iikhrayitheriya ezine (ubude obuncinane; umxholo wombhalo; ifomu enemida echaziweyo; kunye "nolwakhiwo lolwazi" njengesakhiwo somgca kunye nezinto ezithile ezibhaliweyo) ezenza "uluhlu lwencwadi", apho iifomathi ezizalisekisa iinqobo ezingaphezulu zijongwa ngokufana ngakumbi nencwadi yemveli eshicilelweyo. [8] [9]

Nangona kulwimi lwezemfundo imonograph ingumsebenzi oyincutshe kwisifundo esinye, kwithala leencwadi nakwinzululwazi yolwazi eli gama lisetyenziswa ngokubanzi ukuthetha naluphi na ushicilelo olungeluthotho olupheleleyo kumqulu omnye (incwadi ebonakalayo) okanye inani eliqinisekileyo lemiqulu (enjengenoveli enemiqulu emininzi), ngokuchaseneyo noshicilelo olulandelelanayo okanye lwamaxesha athile. [4]

Imbali

[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]
Umphambili ontsonkothileyo weDiamond Sutra evela kumnombo wookumkani baseTang eTshayina, okt ngowama-868 CE, eyona ncwadi indala eyaziwayo eshicilelweyo ehlabathini ( iThala leeNcwadi laseBritani )
  1. ↑ "book | Etymology, origin and meaning of book" Online Etymology Dictionary (in English) archived from the original on June 27, 2017 retrieved 2023-03-21  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  2. ↑ "Northvegr – Holy Language Lexicon" November 3, 2008 archived from the original on November 3, 2008 retrieved December 30, 2016  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ "codex" Oxford Reference (in English) archived from the original on May 9, 2022 retrieved 2022-05-09  Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 "ALA Glossary of Library and Information Science (4th edition)" New Library World 115 (3/4): 193 2014-03-04 ISSN 0307-4803 doi:10.1108/nlw-10-2013-0076  Cite error: Invalid <ref> tag; name ":1" defined multiple times with different content
  5. ↑ Johnson, Miriam J. (2019-03-01) "What is a Book? Redefining the Book in the Digitally Social Age" Publishing Research Quarterly (in English) 35 (1): 68–78 ISSN 1936-4792 doi:10.1007/s12109-018-9622-z 
  6. ↑ "What Exactly Do We Mean By a Book?" Literary Hub (in en-US) 2020-10-01 retrieved 2024-02-06 
  7. ↑ Raven, James, ed. (2023-03-23) The Oxford History of the Book Oxford: Oxford University Press ISBN 978-0-19-288689-7 doi:10.1093/oso/9780192886897.001.0001 
  8. ↑ Kovač, Miha; Phillips, Angus; van der Weel, Adriaan; Wischenbart, Ruediger (2019-09-01) "What is a Book?" Publishing Research Quarterly (in English) 35 (3): 313–326 ISSN 1936-4792 doi:10.1007/s12109-019-09665-5 
  9. ↑ Wischenbart, Ruediger (2008-01-15) "Ripping off the cover: Has digitization changed what's really in the book?" Logos 19 (4): 196–202 ISSN 0957-9656 doi:10.1163/logo.2008.19.4.196 
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