Imalariya

Livela
Imalariya
ImalariyaIplasmodiyam esuka kumathe emazi yengcongconi anqumleza kwiseli yengcongconi.
ImalariyaIplasmodiyam esuka kumathe emazi yengcongconi anqumleza kwiseli yengcongconi.
Iplasmodiyam esuka kumathe emazi yengcongconi anqumleza kwiseli yengcongconi.
Uhlelo nezibonelelo zangaphandle
ICD/CIM-10B50-B54 B50-B54
ICD/CIM-9084 084
OMIM248310
DiseasesDB7728
MedlinePlus000621

Imalariya sisifo esisuka kwiingcongconi esosulelayo esiba sebantwini nakwezinye izilwanyana esibangelwa zizimfimfithi-gazi (uhlobo lweseli enye izinambuzane) zePlasmodiyam.[1] Imalariya ibangela iimpawu ezidla ngokuquka ifiva, ukudinwa, ukugabha intloko ebuhlungu. Kwiimeko ezimandla inokubangela ulusu olutyheli, ukugula, ikoma okanye ukufa.[2] Ezi mpawu zidla ngokuqala kwiintsuku ezilishumi okanye ezilishumi elinesihlanu emva kokuba ulunyiwe. Kwabo bangakhange banyangwe kakuhle isifo sinokuphinda sibuye kwiinyanga kamva.[1] Kwabo basandul' ukusinda kwisifo, ukosuleleka kwakhona kudla ngokubangela iimpawu ezingekho mandla noko. Oku kukhuseleka kwexeshana kudla ngokuplhela ngokuhamba kweenyanga ukuya kwiminyaka ukuba akuchanabeki ngokuqhubekayo kwimalariya.[2]

Ngokuqhelekileyo, esi sifo sidluliselwa kukulunywa yimazi yengcongconi Anopheles enesi sifo. Oku kulunywa kufaka izimfimfithi-gazi ezikumathe engcongconi kwigazi lomntu lowo.[1] Izimfimfithi-gazi ziya esibindini apho zithi zikhule zize zizale. Iindidi ezintlanu zePlasmodiyam zinokosulela zize zisasazwe ngabantu.[2] Ubukhulu becala ukufa kunokubangelwa yiP. falciparum eneP. vivax, P. ovale,kunye P. malariae ngokuqhelekileyo ibangela uhlobo olungekho mandla lwemalariya.[1][2] Udidi P. knowlesi alufane lubangele isifo ebantwini.[1] Imalariya idla ngokufunyaniswa ngohlolo lwemayikroskopu lwegazi kusetyenziswa iifilimu zegazi, okanye ezine-antigen uvavanyo olukhawulezileyo lokufumanisa.[2] Iindlela ezisebenzisa iziganeko ezilandelelanayo zepolymerase zokufumanisa iDNA yezimfimfithi-gazi ziye zaveliswa, kodwa azisetyenziswa ngokubanzi kwiindawo apho imalariya igqugqisileyo ngenxa yeendleko zayo nokuntsonkotha kwayo.[3]

Ingozi yezifo inokuncitshiswa ngokuthintela ukulunywa yingcongconi ngokusebenzisa inethi yengcongconi kunye nezinto zokugxotha izinambuzane, okanye ngeendlela zokulawula iingcongoni njengokutsutsuza zinto zokubulala izinambuzane nokuvula iidreyini zamanzi amileyo.[2] Kukho amayeza awahlukeneyo okuthintela imalariya kubakhenkethi abaya kwiindawo ezigcwele esi sifo. Ukufumana la mayeza ngamaxesha athile sulfadoxine/pyrimethamine kuyanconyelwa kwiintsana nasemva kwekota yokuqala yokukhulelwa kwiindawo ezinengozi enkulu yemalariya. Nakuba kukho imfuneko, asikho isitofu esisebenzayo, nakuba kuqhubeka kusenziwa imigudu yokusivelisa.[1] Unyango olunconyelwayo lwemalariya ngumxube wamayeza alwa nemalariya aquka i-artemisinin.[1][2] Iyeza lesibini linokuba yimefloquine, ilumefantrine, okanye isulfadoxine/pyrimethamine.[4] Quinine kwakunye nedoxycycline inokusetyenziswa ukuba i-artemisinin ayifumaneki.[4] Kunconyelwa ukuba kwiindawo apho esi sifo sixhaphakileyo, imalariya iqinisekiswe ukuba kunokwenzeka ngaphambi kokuba iqale ukunyangwa ngenxa yenkxalabo yokwanda kokuxhathisa amayeza. Amayeza amaninzi alwa nemalariya sele iwaxhathisa; ngokomzekelo, exhathisa ichloroquine P. falciparum sele inwenwele kwiindawo ezininzi ezinemalariya, yaye ukuxhathiswa kwe-artemisinin sele kuyingxaki kwezinye iindawo zoMzantsi-mpuma Asia.[1]

Esi sifo sinwenwele kwiiTropiki kunye nemimandla esezantsi kwetropiki ekhoyo ngokubanzi engqonge i-ikhweyitha.[2] Oku kuquka ummandla omkhulu [weAfrika Esezantsi KweSahara]], iAsia, kunye [ne[Latin America]]. IWorld Health Organization iqikelela ukuba ngo-2012, kwakukho abantu abazizigidi eziyi-207 ababenemalariya. ngaloo nyaka kuqikelelwa ukuba esi sifo sabulala phakathi kwe-473,000 ne-789,000 yabantu, uninzi lwabo ingabantwana baseAfrika.[1] Imalariya idla ngokunxulunyaniswa nobuhlwempu yaye inefuthe elingelihle kakhulu kuhlumo loqoqosho.[5][6] EAfrika kuqikelelwa ukuba ibangela ilahleko eyi-$12 bhiliyoni USD ngonyaka ngenxa yeendleko zonyango, ukungakwazi ukusebenza negalelo layo kukhenketho.[7]

Iimbekiselo[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]

  1. 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 1.8 "Malaria Fact sheet N°94" WHO March 2014 retrieved 28 August 2014 
  2. 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 Caraballo, Hector (May 2014) "Emergency Department Management Of Mosquito-Borne Illness: Malaria, Dengue, And West Nile Virus" Emergency Medicine Practice 16 (5) 
  3. Nadjm B, Behrens RH (2012) "Malaria: An update for physicians" Infectious Disease Clinics of North America 26 (2): 243–59 PMID 22632637 doi:10.1016/j.idc.2012.03.010 
  4. 4.0 4.1 Organization, World Health (2010) Guidelines for the treatment of malaria (2nd ed. ed.) Geneva: World Health Organization p. ix ISBN 9789241547925 
  5. Gollin D, Zimmermann C (August 2007) Malaria: Disease Impacts and Long-Run Income Differences (PDF) Institute for the Study of Labor 
  6. Worrall E, Basu S, Hanson K (2005) "Is malaria a disease of poverty? A review of the literature" Tropical Health and Medicine 10 (10): 1047–59 PMID 16185240 doi:10.1111/j.1365-3156.2005.01476.x  open access publication - free to read
  7. Greenwood BM, Bojang K, Whitty CJ, Targett GA (2005) "Malaria" Lancet 365 (9469): 1487–98 PMID 15850634 doi:10.1016/S0140-6736(05)66420-3 

Malaria