Charlotte Maxeke

Charlotte Maxeke (1891)

Charlotte Makgomo Mannya Maxeke (7 ngoTshazimpuzi 1874 – 16 EyeDwarha 1939) wayeyinkokeli yenkolo yaseMzantsi Afrika, intlalontle kunye nomgqugquzeli wezopolitiko.

Intsuma-ntsumane ngokuzalwa kukaMaxeke

Imithombo yolwazi emininzi ikhankanya iBhofolo, eMpuma Koloni njengendawo yokuzalwa kaMaxeke. Ikhona eminye imithombo yolwazi ebanga ukuba wazalelwa kwingingqi yasePolokwane, njengoko igama lakhe lokuzalwa Charlotte Makgomo Mannyaa Maxeke iligama lesiSotho okanye lesiPedi. Oku kuhmabelana nokuzalwa kwakhe kwinqila iRamakgopa yaye imithombo yolwazi ingqina ukuba ingqina ukuba usapho lwakhe lwahlala ithutyana kufuphi kumlambo iDwars phantsi kweNkosi uRamokgopa. Kunakho ukwenzeka ukuba indawo yokuzalwa kaMaxake iphazanyiswa nendawo yokuzalwa yomyeni wakhe nowazalelwa eXesi eMpuma Koloni (bobani uCharlotte nomyeni wakhe bazalwa ngowe-1874). Imithombo yolwazi yeANC ikhankanya ikhankanya iPietersburg (ngoku eyaziwa ngePolokwane) njengendawo yakhe yozalwa kwiintetho zasesidlangaleleni ezincoma imisebenzi kaMaxeke. Kunakho ukwenzeka ukuba indawo yakhe yokuzalwa iphazanyiswa nekadade wabo uKatie, nowazalelwa eBhofolo ngomhla wamashumi amabini anesibhozo ngeyeKhala ngowe-1873., ngokukutsho kwincwadi “Ubizo lukaKatie Makanya”. Noxa kunjalo, kuba uCharlotte yayinguye omdala, oku kuphakamisa imibuzo nangomhla wakhe wokuzalwa ochanekileyo. Kucacile kwimithombo yolwazi emininzi kuquka nencwadi ekhankanyiweyo ngentla ukuba uMaxeke uchitha iminyaka yobutsha bakhe eMpuma Koloni, kumhlaba waseBhayi. Ukubhala kwakhe ngesiXhosa kuyiqinisa ngakumbi le ngcamango.

Ukuzalwa kwakhe

Olu phando lukhethe ukumka nomrhiba othi uMaxeke uzalelwe eRamakgopa kwinqila lasePolokwane njengendawo yakhe yokuzalwa njengoko oko ikokona kunokubayinyani. Noxa kunjalo, siyangqina ukuba kunokwenzeka ukuba uMaxeke wafudukela eMpuma Koloni eselula. Charlotte Makgomo Mannya wazalelwa eRamakgopa ePolokwane (ePietersburg) ngomhla wesixhenxe kuTshazimpunzi ngowe-1874. Ufumene imfundo yeemishinari eEdwards Memorial School eMpuma Koloni ebutsheni boo-1880. Ngowe-1885, emva kokuba kufunyenwe iidayimani eKimberly, uMaxeke wafudukela eKimberly nosapho lwakhe apho wafika wabangumfundisi-ntsapho.

Iintshukumo zakhe zopolitiko elubhacweni naseMzantsi Afrika

Njengomhambi-tyalike ozinekeleyo, uMaxeke nodade wabo baxuma imiloji iAfrican Jubilee Choir ngowe-1891 batyelela iNgilani iminyaka emibini. Ngexesha lolu tyelelo, uMaxeke waye waculela uNkosazana Victoria evathe iimpahla zaseNgilane zelo xesha. Imithombo yolwazi ichaza ukuba la manenekazi akwaMaxeke ayengazivi ekhululekile ukuphathwa njengezitatanyiswa eLondon yaye kukho iingxelo zokuba ngeli xesha uMaxeke wayehamba iintetho zamanina ayeceba ukuvalisa isimbonono sokufuna ukuvota ezazibhexeshwa ngamanina afana noEmmeline Pankhurst. Ngethemba lokuqhubeka nemfundo uMaxeke waya kutyelelo eMelika nekwayela yakhe yecawa ngowe-1894 [eminye imithombo yolwazi ithi lomhla ngowe-1896]. Ukuphela kotyelelo, uMaxeke waye washeka eMelika wafunda kwiYunivesithi iWilberforce, eCleveland, Ohio neyaiphantsi kolawulo lwe-African Methodist Episcopal Church (AMEC). Kule yunivesithi wayegxile kwimfundo engobuLunda beAfrika, neyayiphantsi koW.E.B. Du Bois. Wayewathweswa isidanga seBSc. eYunivesithi iWilberforce nalapho wadibana khona nomyeni wakhe uMarshall Maxeke nowayeye kule yunivesithi ngowe-1896. Baye batshata ukubuyela kwabo eMzantsi Afrika ngowe-1901, uMaxeke engomnye wamanina okuqala aNtsundu ukufumana imfundo enomsila eyunivesithi. UMaxeke wayephembelelwe kakhulu yiAMEC yaye ngenxa yobudlelwane bakhe neNkonzo yamaTopiya Iamec yaye yasungulwa eMzantsi Afrika. Wabangumququzeleli weWomen’s Mite Missionary Society eRhawutini waze wadlulela ePolokwane (ngoko iPietersburg). Apha, waya wahlangana kwakhona nosapho lwakhe e\kumlambo iDwaars phantsi kweNkosi uRamakgopa nowanika uMaxeke imali yokuba aqale isikolo. Eso sikolo zange sigqitywe ngenxa yokunqongophala kwenkxaso kurhulumente nentlupheko eyayigquba kulo ngingqi. Emva koku, uMaxeke nomyeni wakhe bavula isikolo e-Evaton eRhawutini. AbakwaMaxeke baye bafundisa bavangela nakwezinye iindawo kuquka ebaThenjini eTranskei phantsi kweNkosi uSabata Dalindyebo. Kulapha apho uMaxeke wathi wathatha inxaxheba kwinkundla yobukhosi, inyhweba engaxhamlwayo ngamanina. Ekugqibeleni, baye bazinza eRhawutini apho baye bazibandakanya neentshukumo zopolitiko. Yena nomyeni wakhe bazimasa usungulwa kweSouth African Native National Congress (SANNC) eMangaung ngowe-1912. Noxa inkoliso yeziphakamiso zakhe zazingqamene necawe, uCharlotte wayebhala ngesiXhosa ngesikhundla samanina kwezentlalo nezopolitko. Kwincwadi Umteteleli wa Bantu wayegxile ‘kumbuzo wamanina’. Njengomntu owayechasene nokuphathwa kwamapasi ngamanina aNtsundu kwantlandlo, uMaxeke wazibandakanya kwintshukumo zopolitiko ubomi bakhe bobudala bonke. Wanceda ukuseka umbutho owayechasene nokuphathwa kwamapasi eMangaun ngowe-1913 waseka nePhiko laManina aNtsundu eSANCC ngowe-1918. Njengenkokheli yalo mbutho wakhokela isigqeba esayokuxoxa neNkulu-mbuso uLouis Botha ngemba yokuphathwa kwamapasi ngamanina. Le ngxoxo yalandelwa luqhankqalazo ngonyaka olandelayo. Wayekwabandakanyeka nokuqhankqalazo eRhawutini olwalumalunga norholo omncinci wakwa thatha inxaxheba kuseko lweIndustrial and Workers’ Union (ICU) ngowe-1920. UMaxeke wayekwabandakanyeka nakwimibutho entlanga-ninzi. Waye wabhekisa intetho kwiWomen’s Reform Club ePitoli, neyayingumbutho owawujongene namalungelo okuvota kwamanina waze wazimanya neBhunga eliHlanganeyo labaMhlophe nabaNtsundu. UMaxeke waye wonyulwa njengomongameli weWomen’s Missionary Society. Ngowe-1928, uMaxeke waye wazimasa ingqungquthela eMelika waze wazityanda igila ngakumbi ngempilo yabantu abaNtsundu. Waye wasungula i-arhente yengqesho eRhawutini waze wabalinina lokuqala ukuba ligosa lengqawule elijongene nabaphuli-mthetho abaselula

Itshoba lilale umbethe

UMaxeke wayesoloko ekubekwa entendeni ‘njengoNozala weNkuleleko yabaNtsundu’ eMzantsi Afrika yaye unesikolo seentsana seANC esiseTanzania esithiywe ngaye. UMaxeke wanabela uqaqa eRhawutini ngowe-1939.

Imithombo yolwazi

• Njing. Pamela Maseko (2016) Consolidated Translation Practice