Inkqubo yomtshato yakwaXhosa
Inkqubo yomtshato yakwaXhosa yinkqubo ehambelana nenkqubo zolwazi lwemveli eziphantsi kwamasiko nezithethe kumzi kaXhosa. Le nkqubo ibandakanya amanyathelo abalulekileyo afana nokucelwa komtshato, ukuhlawulwa kwelobola, kunye nemicimbi yokwamkelwa komakoti emzini omtsha.[1]
Amabal'engwe ngamaXhosa nomtshato
[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]
AmaXhosa liqela labantu baseMzantsi Afrika elifumaneka eMpuma Koloni.[1][2] Aba ngabantu bamasiko nezithethe, ukanti bohlulwe ngokweziduko kunye nezizwe ezahlukeneyo. Eli qela labantu liyafumaneka eZimbabwe, eBotswana, eNamibia naseLesotho. AmaXhosa luhlanga lwesibini ngobukhulu eMzantsi Afrika kwaye bathetha ulwimi lwesiXhosa.
Umtshato phakathi kwamaXhosa ngowona msitho ubalulekileyo obonisa ubunye, imbeko, kunye nokugcina amasiko. Inkqubo yomtshato yakwaXhosa yinkqubo ehambelana nolwazi lwemveli oluphantsi kwamasiko nezithethe. Umtshato wesintu kwakuvumelekile ukutshata ngaohandle kwesizwe sakuni ngokwesiduko, kwaye leyo yayi yindlela yamaNguni kuphela.[3] Wonke umntwana wamaNguni uzalelwa phantsi kwesiduko esithile ngokwe ziduko zamaNguni kwaye ukutshata kwisizwe esinye sisono esikhulu kwaye akuvumelekanga. Umtshato uqalathe amasiko nezithethe ezininzi ngokwesiNtu sakwaXhosa. Ezi zithethe bezisenziwa ukusukela mandulo ngabantu bakwaXhosa. Ukanti ezinye zazo ziye zafakwa nakwimitshato yakutshanje. Njenga kwezinye iinkcubeko zakwamanye amazwe aseAfrika, lenkqubo yomtshato yamaXhosa ijolise ekuhlanganiseni iintsapho ezimbini ezahlukeneyo, nokunika ulwalathuso nenkxaso kwisibini esisandula ukutshata.
Umtshato kwinkcubeko yamaXhosa (Ukuzeka)
[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]Nanjengoko sele kudakanciwe ngasentla, umtshato okanye ukuzeka yinkqubo apho indoda efikelele kwinqabanaba lokutshata ebomini bayo iqala amanyathelo okuthatha uNkosikazi, ngengxaso yosapho lwayo okanye yosapho lwentokazi leyo aza kucela kuyo isandla somtshato. Ngeli xesha lenkqubo yokuzeka, amalungu osapho lomnyeni aziwa ngokuba "ngoonozakuzaku", ekhokelwa "ngumalume" adlala eyona ndima ephambili ekuququzeleni le nkqubo.[1] Ezi nkqubo ziquka amanqanaba amaninzi ekufuneka elandelwe kwaye ziphelela ekubeni "umakoti" (umtshakazi omtsha) aphelekwe ekhayeni lakhe elitsha.
Xa usapho lomnyeni luvumile ukuqhubekela phambili nokucela isandla somtshato kusapho oluthile, becelela unyana wabo, kufuneka babhale incwadi eya kuthunyelwa kusapho lentokazi eboniweyo ukuze bacele ngokwesikweni intlanganiso.[1] Kule ncwadi, injongo zabo kufuneka zichazwe ngokucacileyo kunye nomhla ochanelekileyo abaceba ukuba nengxoxo zelobola ngayo. Kuxhomekeke kusapho lentokazi ukwamkela umhlo lowo uceliweyo okanye bacebise omnye umhla.[1] Ukwamkelwa kwenziwa ngendlela yokubhala ncwadi. Kule incwadi usapho lomtshakazi luchaza umhla wengxoxo zelobola. Ngamanye amaxesha usapho lwentokazi luya kuchaza izinto (izipho) ekumele baze nazo okanye izinto ekumele nazilindele ngomhla wengxoxo zelobola. Ngangona kunjalo, ngamaxesha amaninzi le ncwadi ayichazi ncakasana ukuba ngeziphi ezi zipho zilindelweyo. Ukuba ezinye inkcukaca azicacanga, okanye azichazwanga encwadini, kuxhomekeke kumnyeni ukuba afumanise kumtshakazi wakhe ngabucala ukuba usapho lwakhe luza kulindela ntoni ngaloo mini. Kuza kumiselwa amadoda amabini ukuba ahambise le ncwadi ayise kusapho lomyeni.[1]
Inkqubo yokuzeka umfazi (Ilobola)
[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]Ilobola lisiko apho usapho lomnyeni luhlawula ngeenkomo okanye ngemali kusapho lomtshakazi ngaphambi nje komtshato.[4] Olu luphawu lombulelo oluvela kumyeni nosapho lwakhe ukuze bakwazi ukwakha ubunye nobudlelwane phakathi kwezintsapho zimbini. Ixabiso lelobolo lidla ngokuhlawulwa ngohlobo lweenkomo, ukanti iingxoxo phakathu kwezintapho zimbini zaziba nobunzima zitsalwe, ingakumbi xa kufuneka kugqutywe ngenani leenkomo elifunwa ebukweni.[3]
Inani leenkomo liyahluka ukusuka kwisizwe ukuya kwesinye, kodwa liqala kwiinkomo ezilishumi ukuya kwezilishumi elinesibini nangaphezulu.[5] Olu hlawulo lomtshakazi lungaba ziinkomo okanye imali, oku kuxhomekeke kwisivumelwano phakathi kwezi ntsapho zimbini. Ukuba usapho lomtshakazi lucela iinkomo, baya kugqiba ukuba ixabiso lenkomo enye liza kuba yintoni na, baze baliphindaphinde kali-10 ukuya kwi-12. Oku kuxhomekeke ekubeni zingaphi iinkomo eziceliweyo lusapho lomtshakazi. Umzekelo, ukuba bafuna ama-R4000 ngenkomo enye, kwaye usapho lugqibe kwelokuba umtshakazi uxabisa iinkomo ezili-10, ilobola iya kuba ngama-R40 000.
Ukuhanjiswa kweenkomo ikwasiso nesiqinisekiso sokuba xa umakoti anokuthi angaphatheki kakuhle kwikhaya lakhe elitsha, angabuyela kwikhaya labazali bakhe, kwaye usapho lakulomyeni wakhe liyakuthi lilahlekelwe ziinkomo.[3] Ilobola ayisoyinto nje yokuhlawula kodwa sisivumelwano esomeleza ubudlelwane phakathi kweentsapho, kwaye sisixhobo sokugcina imbeko, isidima kunye nokuzinza kobudlelwane. Ngexesha lomtshato, kuqhutywa imibhiyozo enomculo, umdaniso, kunye nokutya okwahlukeneyo, nto leyo ebonisa ubunye, uthando, kunye nokuhlonipha amasiko kaXhosa.
Ngale ndlela, inkqubo yomtshato yakwaXhosa ayisiyonto yokudibanisa abantu ababini kuphela, kodwa sisixhobo sokugcina nokuphila kwenkcubeko, isithethe, kunye nobudlelwane phakathi kweentsapho.[1]
Imithombo yolwazi
[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]- 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 African, Being "Xhosa Marriage Practices" BeingAfrican (in English) retrieved 2026-07-17
- ↑ Henda, Nomvo D. (2021-01-01) "The Rites of Passage of AmaXhosa Revisited" Academia Letters doi:10.20935/AL3860
- 1 2 3 "Umtshato we Siko lesi Xhosa" southafrica.co.za retrieved 2026-07-17
- ↑ Parker, Glynis (2015-01-01) "The Practice of Lobola in Contemporary South African Society." Journal of Third World Studies 32
- ↑ African, Being "Xhosa Marriage Practices" BeingAfrican (in English) retrieved 2026-07-17