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Inkcubeko / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini lwabantu, amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, imithetho, amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile.

Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. [1] Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo.

Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne -UNESCO izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko .

Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.

Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana nobugcisa, umculo, umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye nobuchwepheshe obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, ifilosofi, uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye nesayensi zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. [2]

Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, imfundo, okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. [3] Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. [4] Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. [5] Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . [6] Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. [7] Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . [8] Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . [9] Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . [10]

Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. [11] Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. [12] Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . [13] Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. [14]

Igama lanamhlanje lenkcubeko lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae Disputations yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye cultura animi, [15] kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". [16]

U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi inkcubeko lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin colere, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne cultus, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo."

... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.

Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. [17]

Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa yiHomo sapiens xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. [18] [19]

I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770
Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry
Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.
UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.
UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.
Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.
Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.
Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.
Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli eColombia
I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.
IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba lolunye uhlobo lokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .

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Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.
Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. IZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. [20]

Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. [21] [22]

  • Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals
  • Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs
  • Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation
  • Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group
  • Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region
  • Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action
  • Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society
  • Recombinant culture
  • Semiotics of culture – Field of study
  • Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture

Cultural studies

[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]

Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, unxibelelwano, intlalo, ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, ifilosofi, izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . [23]

Cultural studies

[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]

 Page iThemplethi:Multiple image/styles.css has no content.Inkcubeko / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini lwabantu, amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, imithetho, amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile.

Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. [24] Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo.

Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne -UNESCO izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko .

Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.

Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana nobugcisa, umculo, umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye nobuchwepheshe obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, ifilosofi, uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye nesayensi zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. [2]

Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, imfundo, okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. [25] Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. [26] Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. [27] Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . [28] Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. [29] Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . [30] Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . [31] Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . [32]

Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. [33] Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. [34] Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . [35] Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. [36]

Igama lanamhlanje lenkcubeko lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae Disputations yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye cultura animi, [37] kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". [16]

U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi inkcubeko lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin colere, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne cultus, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo."

... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.

Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. [38]

Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa yiHomo sapiens xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. [39] [40]

I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770
Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry
Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.
UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.
UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.
Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.
Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.
Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.
Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli eColombia
I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.
IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .

Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, unxibelelwano, intlalo, ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, ifilosofi, izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . [41]

Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo.

Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.
Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. IZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. [42]

Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. [43] [44]

  • Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals
  • Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs
  • Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation
  • Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group
  • Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region
  • Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action
  • Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society
  • Recombinant culture
  • Semiotics of culture – Field of study
  • Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture

Cultural studies

[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]

 Page iThemplethi:Multiple image/styles.css has no content.Inkcubeko / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini lwabantu, amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, imithetho, amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile.

Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. [45] Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo.

Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne -UNESCO izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko .

Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.

Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana nobugcisa, umculo, umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye nobuchwepheshe obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, ifilosofi, uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye nesayensi zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. [2]

Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, imfundo, okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. [46] Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. [47] Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. [48] Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . [49] Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. [50] Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . [51] Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . [52] Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . [53]

Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. [54] Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. [55] Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . [56] Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. [57]

Igama lanamhlanje lenkcubeko lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae Disputations yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye cultura animi, [58] kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". [16]

U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi inkcubeko lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin colere, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne cultus, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo."

... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.

Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. [59]

Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa yiHomo sapiens xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. [60] [61]

I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770
Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry
Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.
UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.
UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.
Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.
Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.
Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.
Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli eColombia
I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.
IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .

Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, unxibelelwano, intlalo, ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, ifilosofi, izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . [62]

Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo.

Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. [63] Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) [64] kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. [65]

Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.
Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. IZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. [66]

Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. [67] [68]

  • Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals
  • Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs
  • Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation
  • Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group
  • Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region
  • Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action
  • Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society
  • Recombinant culture
  • Semiotics of culture – Field of study
  • Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture

Cultural studies

[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]

 Page iThemplethi:Multiple image/styles.css has no content.Inkcubeko / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini lwabantu, amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, imithetho, amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile.

Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. [69] Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo.

Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne -UNESCO izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko .

Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.

Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana nobugcisa, umculo, umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye nobuchwepheshe obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, ifilosofi, uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye nesayensi zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. [2]

Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, imfundo, okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. [70] Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. [71] Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. [72] Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . [73] Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. [74] Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . [75] Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . [76] Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . [77]

Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. [78] Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. [79] Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . [80] Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. [81]

Igama lanamhlanje lenkcubeko lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae Disputations yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye cultura animi, [82] kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". [16]

U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi inkcubeko lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin colere, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne cultus, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo."

... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.

Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. [83]

Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa yiHomo sapiens xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. [84] [85]

I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770
Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry
Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.
UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.
UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.
Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.
Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.
Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.
Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli eColombia
I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.
IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .

Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, unxibelelwano, intlalo, ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, ifilosofi, izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . [86]

Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo.

Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. [87] Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) [88] kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. [89]

Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy .

Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.
Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. IZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. [90]

Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. [91] [92]

  • Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals
  • Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs
  • Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation
  • Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group
  • Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region
  • Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action
  • Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society
  • Recombinant culture
  • Semiotics of culture – Field of study
  • Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture

Cultural studies

[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]

 Page iThemplethi:Multiple image/styles.css has no content.Inkcubeko / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini lwabantu, amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, imithetho, amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile.

Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. [93] Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo.

Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne -UNESCO izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko .

Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.

Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana nobugcisa, umculo, umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye nobuchwepheshe obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, ifilosofi, uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye nesayensi zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. [2]

Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, imfundo, okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. [94] Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. [95] Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. [96] Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . [97] Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. [98] Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . [99] Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . [100] Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . [101]

Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. [102] Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. [103] Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . [104] Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. [105]

Igama lanamhlanje lenkcubeko lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae Disputations yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye cultura animi, [106] kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". [16]

U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi inkcubeko lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin colere, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne cultus, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo."

... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.

Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. [107]

Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa yiHomo sapiens xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. [108] [109]

I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770
Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry
Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.
UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.
UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.
Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.
Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.
Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.
Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli eColombia
I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.
IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .

Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, unxibelelwano, intlalo, ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, ifilosofi, izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . [110]

Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo.

Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. [111] Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) [112] kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. [113]

Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy .

E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."[114] Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.[115][116]

Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.
Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. IZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. [117]

Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. [118] [119]

  • Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals
  • Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs
  • Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation
  • Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group
  • Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region
  • Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action
  • Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society
  • Recombinant culture
  • Semiotics of culture – Field of study
  • Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture

Cultural studies

[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]

 Page iThemplethi:Multiple image/styles.css has no content.Inkcubeko / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini lwabantu, amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, imithetho, amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile.

Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. [120] Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo.

Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne -UNESCO izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko .

Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.

Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana nobugcisa, umculo, umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye nobuchwepheshe obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, ifilosofi, uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye nesayensi zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. [2]

Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, imfundo, okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. [121] Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. [122] Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. [123] Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . [124] Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. [125] Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . [126] Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . [127] Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . [128]

Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. [129] Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. [130] Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . [131] Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. [132]

Igama lanamhlanje lenkcubeko lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae Disputations yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye cultura animi, [133] kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". [16]

U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi inkcubeko lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin colere, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne cultus, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo."

... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.

Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. [134]

Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa yiHomo sapiens xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. [135] [136]

I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770
Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry
Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.
UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.
UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.
Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.
Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.
Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.
Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli eColombia
I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.
IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .

Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, unxibelelwano, intlalo, ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, ifilosofi, izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . [137]

Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo.

Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. [138] Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) [139] kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. [140]

Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy .

E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."[141] Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.[142][143]

Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko.

Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.
Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. IZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. [144]

Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. [145] [146]

  • Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals
  • Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs
  • Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation
  • Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group
  • Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region
  • Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action
  • Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society
  • Recombinant culture
  • Semiotics of culture – Field of study
  • Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture

Cultural studies

[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]

 Page iThemplethi:Multiple image/styles.css has no content.Inkcubeko / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini lwabantu, amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, imithetho, amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile.

Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. [147] Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo.

Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne -UNESCO izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko .

Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.

Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana nobugcisa, umculo, umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye nobuchwepheshe obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, ifilosofi, uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye nesayensi zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. [2]

Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, imfundo, okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. [148] Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. [149] Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. [150] Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . [151] Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. [152] Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . [153] Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . [154] Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . [155]

Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. [156] Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. [157] Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . [158] Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. [159]

Igama lanamhlanje lenkcubeko lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae Disputations yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye cultura animi, [160] kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". [16]

U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi inkcubeko lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin colere, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne cultus, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo."

... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.

Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. [161]

Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa yiHomo sapiens xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. [162] [163]

I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770
Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry
Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.
UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.
UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.
Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.
Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.
Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.
Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli eColombia
I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.
IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .

Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, unxibelelwano, intlalo, ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, ifilosofi, izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . [164]

Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo.

Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. [165] Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) [166] kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. [167]

Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy .

E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."[168] Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.[169][170]

Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko.

Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso

Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.
Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. IZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. [171]

Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. [172] [173]

  • Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals
  • Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs
  • Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation
  • Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group
  • Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region
  • Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action
  • Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society
  • Recombinant culture
  • Semiotics of culture – Field of study
  • Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture

Cultural studies

[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]

 Page iThemplethi:Multiple image/styles.css has no content.Inkcubeko / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini lwabantu, amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, imithetho, amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile.

Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. [174] Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo.

Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne -UNESCO izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko .

Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.

Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana nobugcisa, umculo, umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye nobuchwepheshe obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, ifilosofi, uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye nesayensi zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. [2]

Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, imfundo, okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. [175] Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. [176] Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. [177] Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . [178] Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. [179] Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . [180] Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . [181] Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . [182]

Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. [183] Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. [184] Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . [185] Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. [186]

Igama lanamhlanje lenkcubeko lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae Disputations yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye cultura animi, [187] kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". [16]

U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi inkcubeko lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin colere, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne cultus, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo."

... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.

Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. [188]

Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa yiHomo sapiens xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. [189] [190]

I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770
Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry
Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.
UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.
UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.
Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.
Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.
Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.
Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli eColombia
I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.
IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .

Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, unxibelelwano, intlalo, ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, ifilosofi, izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . [191]

Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo.

Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. [192] Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) [193] kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. [194]

Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy .

E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."[195] Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.[196][197]

Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko.

Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso

Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),[198] efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism.

Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.
Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. IZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. [199]

Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. [200] [201]

  • Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals
  • Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs
  • Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation
  • Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group
  • Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region
  • Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action
  • Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society
  • Recombinant culture
  • Semiotics of culture – Field of study
  • Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture

Cultural studies

[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]

 Page iThemplethi:Multiple image/styles.css has no content.Inkcubeko / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini lwabantu, amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, imithetho, amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile.

Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. [202] Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo.

Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne -UNESCO izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko .

Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.

Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana nobugcisa, umculo, umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye nobuchwepheshe obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, ifilosofi, uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye nesayensi zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. [2]

Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, imfundo, okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. [203] Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. [204] Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. [205] Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . [206] Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. [207] Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . [208] Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . [209] Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . [210]

Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. [211] Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. [212] Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . [213] Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. [214]

Igama lanamhlanje lenkcubeko lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae Disputations yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye cultura animi, [215] kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". [16]

U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi inkcubeko lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin colere, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne cultus, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo."

... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.

Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. [216]

Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa yiHomo sapiens xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. [217] [218]

I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770
Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry
Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.
UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.
UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.
Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.
Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.
Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.
Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli eColombia
I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.
IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .

Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, unxibelelwano, intlalo, ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, ifilosofi, izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . [219]

Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo.

Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. [220] Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) [221] kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. [222]

Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy .

E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."[223] Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.[224][225]

Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko.

Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso

Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),[226] efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism.

UPetrakis and Kostis (2013) bahlukanisa izinto eziguquguqakkayo ezinxulumene nemvelaphi yenkcubeko zibe ngammaqela amabini aphambili:[227]

Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.
Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. IZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. [228]

Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. [229] [230]

  • Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals
  • Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs
  • Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation
  • Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group
  • Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region
  • Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action
  • Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society
  • Recombinant culture
  • Semiotics of culture – Field of study
  • Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture

Cultural studies

[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]

 Page iThemplethi:Multiple image/styles.css has no content.Inkcubeko / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini lwabantu, amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, imithetho, amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile.

Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. [231] Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo.

Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne -UNESCO izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko .

Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.

Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana nobugcisa, umculo, umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye nobuchwepheshe obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, ifilosofi, uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye nesayensi zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. [2]

Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, imfundo, okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. [232] Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. [233] Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. [234] Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . [235] Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. [236] Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . [237] Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . [238] Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . [239]

Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. [240] Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. [241] Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . [242] Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. [243]

Igama lanamhlanje lenkcubeko lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae Disputations yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye cultura animi, [244] kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". [16]

U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi inkcubeko lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin colere, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne cultus, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo."

... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.

Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. [245]

Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa yiHomo sapiens xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. [246] [247]

I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770
Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry
Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.
UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.
UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.
Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.
Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.
Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.
Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli eColombia
I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.
IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .

Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, unxibelelwano, intlalo, ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, ifilosofi, izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . [248]

Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo.

Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. [249] Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) [250] kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. [251]

Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy .

E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."[252] Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.[253][254]

Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko.

Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso

Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),[255] efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism.

UPetrakis and Kostis (2013) bahlukanisa izinto eziguquguqakkayo ezinxulumene nemvelaphi yenkcubeko zibe ngammaqela amabini aphambili:[256]

  1. Iqela lokuqala liquka izinto ezibonisa "indlela uluntu olujolise ngayo ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo": ukujolisa kwimveliso okanye kwimpumelelo, ukujolisa kwixesha elizayp, ukuzimisela nokuba nesibindi, umahluko wamandla (power distance), kunye nokuphepha ukungaqiniseki.
  2. Iqela lesibini liquka izinto ezibonisa "indlela uluntu olujolise ngayo kwimiba yentlalo," oko kukuthi, izimo zengqondo kunye nendlela yokuphila yamalungu alo. Ezi zinto ziquka ukulingana ngokwesini, ukusebenza kunye njengoluntu (institutional collectivism), ukusebenza kunye ngaphakathi kwiqela elithile (in-group collectivism), kunye ukujolisa kwintlalontle yabantu.
Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.
Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. IZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. [257]

Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. [258] [259]

  • Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals
  • Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs
  • Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation
  • Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group
  • Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region
  • Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action
  • Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society
  • Recombinant culture
  • Semiotics of culture – Field of study
  • Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture

Cultural studies

[tshintsha | Yenza izilungiso kokubhaliweyo]

 Page iThemplethi:Multiple image/styles.css has no content.Inkcubeko / / ˈkʌltʃər / KUL - KUL or / ˈkʊltʃər / KUUL - chər KUUL ngumbona oquka indlela yokuziphatha kwentlalo, amaziko, kunye nemigaqo efumaneka eluntwini lwabantu, amaziko, iinkolelo, ubugcisa, imithetho, amasiko, ubuchule, izimo zengqondo, kunye nemikhwa yabantu abakula maqela. Rhoqo inkcubeko ivela okanye inxulunyaniswa nommandla okanye indawo ethile.

Abantu bafumana inkcubeko ngeenkqubo zokufunda zenkcubeko kunye nokunxibelelana nabantu, nto leyo ebonakaliswa kukwahlukahluka kweenkcubeko kulo lonke uluntu. Isithethe senkcubeko sichaza indlela yokuziphatha eyamkelekileyo kuluntu, usebenza njengesikhokelo sokuziphatha, isinxibo, ulwimi, kunye nokuziphatha kwimeko ethile, nto leyo esebenza njengesibonelo sokulindela kwiqela lentlalo. Ukwamkela inkcubeko enye kuphela kwiqela lentlalontle kunokuthwala iingozi, njengokuba uhlobo olunye lunokubuna xa lujongene notshintsho lwendalo, ngenxa yokungabikho kwempendulo ezisebenzayo kutshintsho olunjalo. [260] Ngoko ke kwinkcubeko yasemkhosini, ubugorha bubalwa njengendlela eqhelekileyo yokuziphatha komntu, kwaye umsebenzi, imbeko, kunye nokuthembeka kwiqela lentlalo zithathwa njengeempawu ezintle okanye iimpendulo ezisebenzayo ekuqhubekeni kwengxabano . Kwinkolo, iimpawu ezifanayo zinokubonwa kwiqela lentlalo.

Utshintsho lwenkcubeko, okanye ukutshintshwa kwesimo, kukwakhiwa kwakhona kwingcinga zenkcubeko yoluntu. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka ngaphakathi zizo zombini ezo zinto: imikhosi ekhuthaza utshintsho kunye menikhosi echasayo utshintsho. Iinkcubeko zichaphazeleka nangaphandle ngenxa yonxibelelwano phakathi koluntu olwahlukeneyo. Imibutho efana ne -UNESCO izama ukulondoloza inkcubeko kunye nelifa lenkcubeko .

Umculo wePygmy uthathwa njengohlobo lokuqala lokusebenzisa imigca emininzi yezandi ezahlukeneyo ngaxeshanye -polyphony kwihlabathi lomculo, njengoko warekhodwe ubuncinane kwiminyaka engama-200 ngaphambi kokuba elo luvo luvele eYurophu.

Inkcubeko ithathwa njengengcamango ephambili kwi -anthropology, equka uluhlu lwezinto ezidluliselwa ngokufunda kwezentlalo kuluntu. Iinkcubeko eziphangaleleyo zifumaneka kuzo zonke iindawo zoluntu. Ezi ziquka iindlela zokubonisa iimvakalelo ezifana nobugcisa, umculo, umdaniso, amasiko, unqulo, kunye nobuchwepheshe obufana nokusetyenziswa kwezixhobo, ukupheka, indawo yokuhlala, kunye nempahla . Uluvo lwenkcubeko kwizinto ezibonakalayo igubungela ukubonakaliswa okubonakalayo kwenkcubeko, njengobuchwepheshe, uyilo lwezakhiwo kunye nobugcisa, ngelixa iinkalo ezingabonakaliyo zenkcubeko ezifana nemigaqo yombutho wentlalo (kuquka nezenzo zombutho wezopolitiko kunye namaziko entlalo), iintsomi, ifilosofi, uncwadi ( ezibhaliweyo nezithethwayo ), kunye nesayensi zenza ilifa lenkcubeko elingabonakaliyo loluntu. [2]

Kwizifundo zobuntu, enye ingqiqo yenkcubeko njengophawu lomntu ngamnye kukuba umntu ukhulele kwinqanaba elithile lobuchule kwezobugcisa, isayensi, imfundo, okanye iindlela zokuziphatha. [261] Inqanaba lobuchule benkcubeko ngamanye amaxesha liye lasetyenziswa ukwahlula iimpucuko kuluntu olungenabunzima kangako. [262] Iimbono ezinjalo zodidi lwenkcubeko zikwafumaneka kumahluko asekelwe kwiiklasi phakathi kwenkcubeko ephezulu yabantu abaphezulu kunye nenkcubeko ephantsi, inkcubeko ethandwayo, okanye inkcubeko yabantu abakumgangatho ophantsi, ehlulwe kukufikelela kwiinkcubeko ezahlukeneyo. [263] Kwintetho eqhelekileyo, inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa ukubhekisa ngokukodwa kwiimpawu ezisetyenziswa ngamaqela eentlanga ukuze azahlule ngokubonakalayo, njengokuguqula umzimba, impahla okanye ukuhombisa . [264] Inkcubeko yobuninzi ibhekisa kwiintlobo zenkcubeko yabathengi eziveliswe ngobuninzi nezixhaswa ngobuninzi ezavela kwinkulungwane yama-20. [265] Ezinye izikolo zefilosofi, ezifana neMarxism kunye nethiyori egxekayo, zithi inkcubeko idla ngokusetyenziswa kwezopolitiko njengesixhobo sabantu abaphezulu ukulawula abasebenzi kunye nokudala ingqondo yobuxoki . [266] Iimbono ezinjalo zixhaphakile kwicandelo lezifundo zenkcubeko . [267] Kwisayensi yezentlalo ngokubanzi, imbono yethiyori yezinto eziphathekayo zenkcubeko ithi inkcubeko yomntu efuziselayo ivela kwiimeko eziphathekayo zobomi bomntu, kwaye isiseko senkcubeko sifumaneka kwiimeko zebhayoloji eziguqukileyo . [268]

Xa isetyenziswa njengesibizo sokubala, igama elithi "inkcubeko" liqela lezithethe, amasiko, kunye neempawu zoluntu okanye uluntu, njengeqela lohlanga okanye isizwe, kunye nolwazi olufunyenwe ngokuhamba kwexesha. [269] Ngale ndlela, ubuzwe beenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo buxabisa ukuhlala ngoxolo kunye nentlonipho phakathi kweenkcubeko ezahlukeneyo ezihlala kwiplanethi enye. [270] Ngamanye amaxesha igama elithi "inkcubeko" likwasetyenziswa ukuchaza iindlela ezithile ngaphakathi kweqela elincinci loluntu, inkcubeko yeqrla elithile (umz., " inkcubeko yomntakwabo "), okanye inkcubeko echaseneyo . [271] Ngaphakathi kwi -anthropology yenkcubeko, ingcamango kunye nesimo sohlalutyo se- relativism yenkcubeko sigxininisa ukuba iinkcubeko azinakubekwa kwinqanaba okanye zivavanywe ngokulula kuba naluphi na uvavanyo luxhomekeke kwinkqubo yexabiso yenkcubeko ethile. [272]

Igama lanamhlanje lenkcubeko lisekelwe kwigama elalisetyenziswa sisithethi saseRoma samandulo uCicero kwiTusculanae Disputations yakhe, apho wabhala khona ngokukhuliswa komphefumlo okanye cultura animi, [273] kusetyenziswa isifaniso sezolimo sophuhliso lomphefumlo wefilosofi, esiqondwa ngokweteyoloji njengeyona nto ifanelekileyo yophuhliso loluntu. USamuel von Pufendorf wathatha esi sifaniso kwimeko yanamhlanje, nto leyo ethetha into efanayo kodwa akasacingi ukuba ifilosofi yayikugqibelela kwendalo koluntu. Olu setyenziso, kunye nolwababhali abaninzi, "lubhekisa kuzo zonke iindlela abantu abawoyisa ngazo ubuqaba babo bokuqala, baze ngobuchule, babe ngabantu ngokupheleleyo". [16]

U-Edward S. Casey wabhala wathi, "Igama elithi inkcubeko lithetha 'indawo elinyiweyo' kwisiNgesi saseMiddle English, kwaye eli gama linye livela kwiLatin colere, 'ukuhlala, ukunyamekela, ukulima, ukunqula' kunye ne cultus, 'Ihlelo, ingakumbi elenkolo.' Ukuba nenkcubeko, ukuba nenkcubeko, kukuhlala kwindawo enzulu ngokwaneleyo ukuze uyihlakulele—ukuba noxanduva lwayo, ukuphendula kuyo, ukuyinyamekela ngononophelo."

... ekuqaleni yayithetha ukuhlakulelwa komphefumlo okanye ingqondo, kodwa uninzi lwentsingiselo yalo yalemihla luvela kwiincwadi zeengqondi zaseJamani zenkulungwane ye-18, ezazikwimigangatho eyahlukeneyo ziphuhlisa ukugxekwa kukaRousseau " kwenkululeko yanamhlanje kunye nokuKhanyiselwa ". Ngoko ke umahluko phakathi "kwenkcubeko" kunye " nempucuko " udla ngokuchazwa kwaba babhali, nokuba awuchazwanga ngolo hlobo.

Ngokwamazwi engcali yezentlalo u-EB Tylor, "yile nto inzima equka ulwazi, inkolelo, ubugcisa, imilinganiselo yokuziphatha, umthetho, isiko kunye nazo naziphi na ezinye izakhono kunye nemikhwa efunyanwa ngumntu njengelungu loluntu". [ 19 ] Kungenjalo, kwinguqulelo yalemihla, "Inkcubeko ichazwa njengommandla wentlalo ogxininisa kwizenzo, iintetho kunye neentetho eziphathekayo, ezithi, ngokuhamba kwexesha, ziveze ukuqhubeka kunye nokungahambi kwentsingiselo yentlalo yobomi obufanayo. [274]

Isichazi magama esiNgesi aseCambridge English Dictionary sichaza inkcubeko njenge ndlela yokuphila, ingakumbi amasiko neenkolelo ngokubanzi, zeqela elithile labantu ngexesha elithile. Ithiyori yolawulo lobugrogrisi ithi inkcubeko luluhlu lwemisebenzi kunye nembono zehlabathi ezinika abantu isiseko sokuzibona "njengabantu abaxabisekileyo kwihlabathi lentsingiselo"—ukuziphakamisa ngaphezu kwezinto ezibonakalayo zobomi, ukuze baphike ukungabi namsebenzi kwesilwanyana kunye nokufa okwaqondwa yiHomo sapiens xa bafumana ubuchopho obukhulu. [275] [276]

I-Beatles yaba ngumzekelo wotshintsho kwimo yenkcubeko, kungekuphela nje kumculo kodwa nakwifashoni nakwindlela yokuphila. Emva kweminyaka engamashumi amathandathu zivele zaqhubeka nokuba nefuthe kwinkcubeko yehlabathi .
Umfanekiso oqingqiweyo wenkulungwane ye-19 ubonisa abemi boqobo baseOstreliya echasa ukufika kukaJames Cook ngonyaka ka-1770
Full-length profile portrait of a woman, standing on a carpet at the entrance to a yurt, dressed in traditional clothing and jewelry
Umfazi waseTurkmen, uhleli ekhaphethini emnyango kangquphantsi (yurt), ubhinqe umbhinqo wesinqa sengqondo kuba ingqiqo yexesha ixhomekeke kwinkcubeko. Lo ngumfanekiso ka-1913, kodwa kunokuba nzima ukuwubeka kwixesha elichanelekileyo xa uwujonga ngenxa yokungabikho kweempawu ezichaza inkcubeko.
UJohann Herder wagxininisa ukubaluleka kweenkcubeko zesizwe.
UAdolf Bastian waphuhlisa imodeli yenkcubeko ebanzi kwihlabathi liphela.
Imbongi nomgxeki waseBritane uMatthew Arnold wayeyijonga "inkcubeko" njengokukhuliswa kombono wobuntu.
Ingcali yezentlalo yabantu yaseBritane uEdward Tylor wayengomnye wabafundi bokuqala abathetha isiNgesi ukusebenzisa igama elithi "inkcubeko" ngendlela equka umntu wonke ngokubanzi.
Imizobi eweni kwiGobustan yanamhlanje, eAzerbaijan, yaqala kwiminyaka eyi-10,000 phambi kwexesha eliqhelekileyo (BCE) kwaye ibonisa inkcubeko echumayo.
Umzekelo womdaniso wemveli eColombia
I-Nowruz ngumzekelo omhle wenkcubeko ethandwayo neyemveli,ebhiyozelwa ngabantu kumazwe angaphezu kumashumi amabini anesibini anezizwe ezahlukeneyo kunye neenkolo, ngomhla wokuqala wentwasahlobo. Ibibhiyozelwa ziindawo ezahlukeneyo kangangeminyaka engaphezu kwama-7,000.
IMyuziyam yoBugcisa yaseMetropolitan eManhattan . Ubugcisa obubonakalayo bunokuba yindlela enye yokubonakalisa inkcubeko ephezulu .

Ukususela ngonyaka ka-1970 ukuya phambili, umsebenzi kaStuart Hall wobuvulindlela, kunye noogxa bakhe uPaul Willis, uDick Hebdige, uTony Jefferson, kunye no-Angela McRobbie, badale intshukumo yobungcali yehlabathi. Njengoko eli candelo lalikhula, laqala ukudibanisa uqoqosho lwezopolitiko, unxibelelwano, intlalo, ithiyori yentlalo, ithiyori yoncwadi, ithiyori yeendaba, izifundo zefilimu/iividiyo, i-anthropology yenkcubeko, ifilosofi, izifundo zeemyuziyam, kunye nembali yobugcisa ukuze kufundwe ngeziganeko zenkcubeko okanye imibhalo yenkcubeko. Kule ntsimi abaphandi badla ngokugxila kwindlela izinto ezithile ezihambelana ngayo nemicimbi yembono, ubuzwe, ubuhlanga, udidi lwentlalo, okanye isini . [277]

Izifundo zenkcubeko ziphathelele intsingiselo kunye nezenzo zobomi bemihla ngemihla. Ezi zenzo ziquka iindlela abantu abenza ngazo izinto ezithile (ezifana nokubukela umabonakude okanye ukutya ngaphandle) kwinkcubeko ethile. Ikwafunda iintsingiselo kwaye isebenzisa izinto ezahlukeneyo kunye nezenzo zabantu. Ngokukodwa, inkcubeko ibandakanya ezo ntsingiselo kunye nezenzo ezigcinwe ngaphandle kwengqiqo. Ukubukela umabonakude ukuze ubone umbono woluntu ngesiganeko sembali akufanele kuthathwe njengenkcubeko ngaphandle kokuba kubhekiselwe kwindlela yomabonakude ngokwayo, esenokuba ikhethwe ngokwenkcubeko; nangona kunjalo, abantwana besikolo ababukela umabonakude emva kwesikolo nabahlobo babo ukuze "bafaneleke" ngokuqinisekileyo bayafaneleka kuba akukho sizathu sibambekayo sokuba umntu athathe inxaxheba kolu qheliselo.

Kwimeko yezifundo zenkcubeko, umbhalo awubandakanyi nje ulwimi olubhaliweyo, kodwa neefilimu, imifanekiso, isinxibo, okanye iindlela zokulungisa iinwele : imibhalo yezifundo zenkcubeko iquka zonke izinto ezibalulekileyo zenkcubeko. [278] Ngokufanayo, le ngqeqesho iyandisa ingcamango yenkcubeko. Inkcubeko, kumphengululi wezifundo zenkcubeko, ayibandakanyi nje kuphela inkcubeko yendabuko ephezulu (inkcubeko yamaqela entlalo alawulayo) [279] kunye nenkcubeko ethandwayo, kodwa ikwabandakanya neentsingiselo kunye nezenzo zemihla ngemihla. Ezimbini zokugqibela, eneneni, ziye zaba yeyona nto iphambili kwizifundo zenkcubeko. Enye indlela yakutshanje kukufunda ngenkcubeko ngokuthelekisa, ngokusekelwe kwiinkalo zoncwadi oluthelekisayo kunye nezifundo zenkcubeko. [280]

Iingcali e-UK nase-US zavelisa iinguqulelo ezahlukeneyo zezifundo zenkcubeko emva kweminyaka yoo-1970. Inguqulelo yaseBritane yezifundo zenkcubeko yaqala ngeminyaka yoo-1950 noo-1960, ikakhulu phantsi kwempembelelo kaRichard Hoggart, u-EP Thompson, kunye noRaymond Williams, kwaye kamva yabaphantsi kwempembelelo ka Stuart Hall kunye nabanye kwiZiko leZifundo zeNkcubeko zanamhlanje. Oku kwakuquka izimvo zezopolitiko ezihambelana namahlakani asekhohlo, kunye nokugxekwa kwenkcubeko edumileyo njengenkcubeko yabantu abaninzi " yobukhapitali "; kwathabatha ezinye zeengcinga zohlalutyo lweSikolo saseFrankfurt " loshishino lwenkcubeko " oko kukuthi inkcubeko yabantu abaninzi. Oku kuvela kwiincwadi zabaphengululi bokuqala baseBritane bezifundo zenkcubeko kunye neempembelelo zabo: jonga umsebenzi kaRaymond Williams, uStuart Hall, uPaul Willis, kunye noPaul Gilroy .

E-United States, uLindlof noTaylor babhala bathi, "izifundo ngenkcubeko [ezazisekelwe] kwisithethe esisebenzayo nesamkela iimbono ezahlukeneyo (liberal-pluralist)."[281] Uhlobo lwaseMelika lwezi zifundo ngenkcubeko ekuqaleni lwalugxile kakhulu ekuqondeni indlela abaphulaphuli abazitolika ngayo izinto nokuba bazisebenzisa njani na izinto zenkcubeko ekwabelwana ngayo ngobuninzi (mass culture) umzekelo, abaxhasi bezi zifundo eMelika babhala ngendlela ukuba ngumlandeli (fandom) okunokukhulula ngayo umntu.[282][283]

Abanye abaphandi, ngakumbi kwixesha lokuqala lophando ngenkcubeko yase Britane, basebenzisa imodeli yobu Marxist kulo mkhakha. Olu hlobo lokucinga lunempembelelo lokucinga lunempembelelo evela kwiSikolo Frankfurt , kodwa ngakumbi kwindlela yokucinga yobu Maxist egxininisa ubume (structuralist Marxism) ka Louis Althusser nabanye. Eyona nto igxininiswayo yindlela eqhelekileyo yobuMarxist kukwenziwa kwentsingiselo. Le modeli ithatha ngokuba inkcubeko iveliswa ngobuninzi kwaye ichonga amandla njengento ekwabo bantu bavelisa izinto zenkcubeko.

Ngokwembono ka Maxist, indlela kunye nobudlelwane bemveliso yiyo eyenza isiseko soqoqosho loluntu, esisoloko sinxibelelana kwaye siphembelelana izakhiwo eziphezulu zoluntu, ezifana nenkcubeko. Ezinye iindlela zokufunda ngenkcubeko, ezifana nezifundo zenkcubeko ezijolise kwilungelo labasetyhini ( feminist cultural studies) kunye nophuhliso olwalandela eMelika apho ziye zohluka ngokwembono. Zigxeka ingcinga ka Maxist yokuba kukho intsingiselo enye ephambili, ekwabelana ngayo ngabo bonke, kuyo nayiphi na imveliso yenkcubeko. IIndlela ezingezizo ezobuMarxist zicebisa ukuba iindlela ezahlukeneyo zokusebenzisa izinto zenkcubeko ziyayichaphazela intsingiselo yaleyo mveliso

Olu luvo luvela kwincwadi ethi Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman (ebhalwe Paul du Gay et al.),[284] efuna ukuphikisana nombono wokuba abo bavelisa izinto ezithengiswayo balawula intsingiselo abantu abayinika zona. Umhlalutyi wenkcubeko yabasetyhini, ingcali yethiyori kunye nembali yobugcisa Griselda Pollock onegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ngokwembono yembali yobugcisa kunye nohlalutyo lwengqondo. Umbhali uJulia Kristeva uphakathi kwamazwi anempembelelo ekuqaleni kwenkulungwane, enegalelo kwizifundo zenkcubeko ezivela kwicandelo lobugcisa kunye ne pschoanalysis French feminism.

UPetrakis and Kostis (2013) bahlukanisa izinto eziguquguqakkayo ezinxulumene nemvelaphi yenkcubeko zibe ngammaqela amabini aphambili:[285]

  1. Iqela lokuqala liquka izinto ezibonisa "indlela uluntu olujolise ngayo ekusebenzeni ngokufanelekileyo": ukujolisa kwimveliso okanye kwimpumelelo, ukujolisa kwixesha elizayp, ukuzimisela nokuba nesibindi, umahluko wamandla (power distance), kunye nokuphepha ukungaqiniseki.
  2. Iqela lesibini liquka izinto ezibonisa "indlela uluntu olujolise ngayo kwimiba yentlalo," oko kukuthi, izimo zengqondo kunye nendlela yokuphila yamalungu alo. Ezi zinto ziquka ukulingana ngokwesini, ukusebenza kunye njengoluntu (institutional collectivism), ukusebenza kunye ngaphakathi kwiqela elithile (in-group collectivism), kunye ukujolisa kwintlalontle yabantu.

Ngonyaka ka 2016, uRein Raud,[286] waphakamisa indlela entsha yokuqonda inkcubeko, eyichaza njengengqokelela yezixhobo ezikhoyo ukuze abantu baqonde ihlabathi labo, waphakamisa indlela equka amanqanaba amabini, edibanisa uphando lwezicatshulwa (zonke iintsingiselo ezimiselweyo nezisasazekileyo) kunye nezenzo zenkcubeko (zonke izenzo ezinokuphindaphindwa ezibandakanya ukuveliswa, ukusasazwa okanye ukudluliswa kweenjongo), ngaloo ndlela kwenza kube nokwenzeka ukudibanisa kwakhona uphando lwezenkcubeko olusekelwe kwi-anthropology nakwi-sociology kunye nesithethe sethiyoni yezicatshulwa.

Ukubuyiselwa kwesikhumbuzo samandulo saseYiputa.
Ipowusta ye -Anarchist efundeka ngolu hlobo "Akukho Nkcubeko, Akukho Kamva!" , 5 Kweyomnga 2024

Kwinkulungwane yama-21, ukukhuselwa kwenkcubeko kuye kwaba ngundoqo kwimisebenzi eyandayo kwimibutho yesizwe neyehlabathi. IZizwe eziManyeneyo kunye ne-UNESCO zikhuthaza ukugcinwa kwenkcubeko kunye nokwahlukahlukana kwenkcubeko ngokusebenzisa izibhengezo kunye nezivumelwano okanye izivumelwano ezibophelelayo ngokusemthethweni. Injongo asikokukhusela impahla yomntu, kodwa kukugcina ilifa lenkcubeko yoluntu, ingakumbi xa kukho imfazwe nemfazwe. Ngokutsho kukaKarl von Habsburg, uMongameli weBlue Shield International, ukutshatyalaliswa kwezinto zenkcubeko kukwayinxalenye yemfazwe yengqondo. Injongo yohlaselo kukwaziwa komchasi, yiyo loo nto izinto zenkcubeko ezifanekiselayo ziba yeyona nto iphambili ekujoliswe kuyo. Ikwajoliswe ekuchaphazeleni inkumbulo yenkcubeko ebuthathaka kakhulu, ukwanda kokwahluka kwenkcubeko kunye nesiseko soqoqosho (njengokhenketho) selizwe, ingingqi okanye umasipala. [287]

Ezokhenketho zinempembelelo ekhulayo kwiintlobo ngeentlobo zenkcubeko. Kwelinye icala, oku kungaba yimpembelelo ebonakalayo kwizinto ezithile okanye intshabalalo ebangelwa kukwanda kongcoliseko lokusingqongileyo, kwaye kwelinye icala, imiphumo yentlalo-nkcubeko kuluntu. [288] [289]

  • Animal culture – Theory of cultural learning in non-human animals
  • Cultural loss – Erosion of cultural practices or beliefs
  • Cultural area – Geographical area associated with a specific cultural orientation
  • Cultural identity – Identity or feeling of belonging to a group
  • Cultural tourism – Geographical tourism around a country or a region
  • Culture 21 – United Nations plan of action
  • Outline of culture – Social behavior and norms of a society
  • Recombinant culture
  • Semiotics of culture – Field of study
  • Subculture – Smaller culture within a larger culture
  1. ↑ Jackson, Y. Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, p. 203.
  2. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Macionis, John J.; Gerber, Linda Marie (2011) Sociology Toronto: Pearson Prentice Hall p. 53 ISBN 978-0-13-700161-3 OCLC 652430995
  3. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1988) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society Fontana p. 87
  4. ↑ Childe, V. Gordon (1951) Man Makes Himself Mentor p. 150
  5. ↑ Bourdieu, Pierre (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste Routledge p. 1
  6. ↑ Hall, Stuart (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices Sage p. 17
  7. ↑ Storey, John (1996) Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice Routledge p. 50
  8. ↑ Eagleton, Terry (1983) Literary Theory: An Introduction Blackwell p. 95
  9. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1958) Culture and Society Chatto & Windus p. 125
  10. ↑ Harris, Marvin (1979) Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture Random House p. 2
  11. ↑ Geertz, Clifford (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures Basic Books p. 89
  12. ↑ Kymlicka, Will (1995) Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights Oxford University Press p. 4
  13. ↑ Hebdige, Dick (1979) Subculture: The Meaning of Style Routledge p. 5
  14. ↑ Boas, Franz (1940) Race, Language, and Culture University of Chicago Press p. 212
  15. ↑ Tusculanes (in French) Nismes: J. Gaude 1812 p. 273 OCLC 457735057 archived from the original|archiveurl= requires |url= (help) on September 2, 2018 retrieved March 3, 2018 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-first= ignored (help)
  16. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 Velkley, Richard L. (2002) "The Tension in the Beautiful: On Culture and Civilization in Rousseau and German Philosophy" Being after Rousseau: philosophy and culture in question Chicago: University of Chicago Press pp. 11–30 ISBN 978-0-226-85256-0 OCLC 47930775
  17. ↑ James, Paul; Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred (2015) Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability London: Routledge p. 53 ISBN 978-1-138-02572-1 OCLC 942553107 archived from the original on June 26, 2017 retrieved May 29, 2017 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  18. ↑ Pyszczynski, Tom; Solomon, Sheldon; Greenberg, Jeff (2015) Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 52 pp. 1–70 ISBN 978-0-12-802247-4 doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001
  19. ↑ Greenberg, Jeff; Koole, Sander L.; Pyszczynski, Tom (2013) Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology Guilford Publications ISBN 978-1-4625-1479-3 archived from the original on December 31, 2016 retrieved June 1, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  20. ↑ "Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon" (in German) April 28, 2019 archived from the original on May 26, 2020 retrieved December 13, 2020 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  21. ↑ Shepard, Robert (August 2002) "Commodification, culture and tourism" Tourist Studies 2 (2): 183–201 doi:10.1177/146879702761936653
  22. ↑ Jaafar, Mastura; Rasoolimanesh, S. Mostafa; Ismail, Safura (2017) "Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island" Tourism and Hospitality Research 17 (2): 123–134 doi:10.1177/1467358415610373
  23. ↑ Sardar, Ziauddin; Van Loon, Borin; Appignanesi, Richard (1994) Introducing Cultural Studies New York: Totem Books ISBN 978-1-84046-587-7 OCLC 937991291
  24. ↑ Jackson, Y. Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, p. 203.
  25. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1988) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society Fontana p. 87
  26. ↑ Childe, V. Gordon (1951) Man Makes Himself Mentor p. 150
  27. ↑ Bourdieu, Pierre (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste Routledge p. 1
  28. ↑ Hall, Stuart (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices Sage p. 17
  29. ↑ Storey, John (1996) Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice Routledge p. 50
  30. ↑ Eagleton, Terry (1983) Literary Theory: An Introduction Blackwell p. 95
  31. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1958) Culture and Society Chatto & Windus p. 125
  32. ↑ Harris, Marvin (1979) Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture Random House p. 2
  33. ↑ Geertz, Clifford (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures Basic Books p. 89
  34. ↑ Kymlicka, Will (1995) Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights Oxford University Press p. 4
  35. ↑ Hebdige, Dick (1979) Subculture: The Meaning of Style Routledge p. 5
  36. ↑ Boas, Franz (1940) Race, Language, and Culture University of Chicago Press p. 212
  37. ↑ Tusculanes (in French) Nismes: J. Gaude 1812 p. 273 OCLC 457735057 archived from the original|archiveurl= requires |url= (help) on September 2, 2018 retrieved March 3, 2018 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-first= ignored (help)
  38. ↑ James, Paul; Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred (2015) Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability London: Routledge p. 53 ISBN 978-1-138-02572-1 OCLC 942553107 archived from the original on June 26, 2017 retrieved May 29, 2017 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  39. ↑ Pyszczynski, Tom; Solomon, Sheldon; Greenberg, Jeff (2015) Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 52 pp. 1–70 ISBN 978-0-12-802247-4 doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001
  40. ↑ Greenberg, Jeff; Koole, Sander L.; Pyszczynski, Tom (2013) Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology Guilford Publications ISBN 978-1-4625-1479-3 archived from the original on December 31, 2016 retrieved June 1, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  41. ↑ Sardar, Ziauddin; Van Loon, Borin; Appignanesi, Richard (1994) Introducing Cultural Studies New York: Totem Books ISBN 978-1-84046-587-7 OCLC 937991291
  42. ↑ "Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon" (in German) April 28, 2019 archived from the original on May 26, 2020 retrieved December 13, 2020 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  43. ↑ Shepard, Robert (August 2002) "Commodification, culture and tourism" Tourist Studies 2 (2): 183–201 doi:10.1177/146879702761936653
  44. ↑ Jaafar, Mastura; Rasoolimanesh, S. Mostafa; Ismail, Safura (2017) "Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island" Tourism and Hospitality Research 17 (2): 123–134 doi:10.1177/1467358415610373
  45. ↑ Jackson, Y. Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, p. 203.
  46. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1988) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society Fontana p. 87
  47. ↑ Childe, V. Gordon (1951) Man Makes Himself Mentor p. 150
  48. ↑ Bourdieu, Pierre (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste Routledge p. 1
  49. ↑ Hall, Stuart (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices Sage p. 17
  50. ↑ Storey, John (1996) Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice Routledge p. 50
  51. ↑ Eagleton, Terry (1983) Literary Theory: An Introduction Blackwell p. 95
  52. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1958) Culture and Society Chatto & Windus p. 125
  53. ↑ Harris, Marvin (1979) Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture Random House p. 2
  54. ↑ Geertz, Clifford (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures Basic Books p. 89
  55. ↑ Kymlicka, Will (1995) Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights Oxford University Press p. 4
  56. ↑ Hebdige, Dick (1979) Subculture: The Meaning of Style Routledge p. 5
  57. ↑ Boas, Franz (1940) Race, Language, and Culture University of Chicago Press p. 212
  58. ↑ Tusculanes (in French) Nismes: J. Gaude 1812 p. 273 OCLC 457735057 archived from the original|archiveurl= requires |url= (help) on September 2, 2018 retrieved March 3, 2018 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-first= ignored (help)
  59. ↑ James, Paul; Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred (2015) Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability London: Routledge p. 53 ISBN 978-1-138-02572-1 OCLC 942553107 archived from the original on June 26, 2017 retrieved May 29, 2017 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  60. ↑ Pyszczynski, Tom; Solomon, Sheldon; Greenberg, Jeff (2015) Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 52 pp. 1–70 ISBN 978-0-12-802247-4 doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001
  61. ↑ Greenberg, Jeff; Koole, Sander L.; Pyszczynski, Tom (2013) Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology Guilford Publications ISBN 978-1-4625-1479-3 archived from the original on December 31, 2016 retrieved June 1, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  62. ↑ Sardar, Ziauddin; Van Loon, Borin; Appignanesi, Richard (1994) Introducing Cultural Studies New York: Totem Books ISBN 978-1-84046-587-7 OCLC 937991291
  63. ↑ Fiske, John; Turner, Graeme; Hodge, Robert Ian Vere (1987) Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture London: Allen and Unwin ISBN 978-0-04-330391-7 OCLC 883364628
  64. ↑ Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich; Holquist, Michael (1981) The dialogic imagination four essays Austin: University of Texas Press p. 4 OCLC 872436352
  65. ↑ "Comparative Cultural Studies" Purdue University Press 2015 archived from the original on 23 Jun 2010 retrieved October 30, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  66. ↑ "Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon" (in German) April 28, 2019 archived from the original on May 26, 2020 retrieved December 13, 2020 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  67. ↑ Shepard, Robert (August 2002) "Commodification, culture and tourism" Tourist Studies 2 (2): 183–201 doi:10.1177/146879702761936653
  68. ↑ Jaafar, Mastura; Rasoolimanesh, S. Mostafa; Ismail, Safura (2017) "Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island" Tourism and Hospitality Research 17 (2): 123–134 doi:10.1177/1467358415610373
  69. ↑ Jackson, Y. Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, p. 203.
  70. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1988) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society Fontana p. 87
  71. ↑ Childe, V. Gordon (1951) Man Makes Himself Mentor p. 150
  72. ↑ Bourdieu, Pierre (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste Routledge p. 1
  73. ↑ Hall, Stuart (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices Sage p. 17
  74. ↑ Storey, John (1996) Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice Routledge p. 50
  75. ↑ Eagleton, Terry (1983) Literary Theory: An Introduction Blackwell p. 95
  76. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1958) Culture and Society Chatto & Windus p. 125
  77. ↑ Harris, Marvin (1979) Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture Random House p. 2
  78. ↑ Geertz, Clifford (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures Basic Books p. 89
  79. ↑ Kymlicka, Will (1995) Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights Oxford University Press p. 4
  80. ↑ Hebdige, Dick (1979) Subculture: The Meaning of Style Routledge p. 5
  81. ↑ Boas, Franz (1940) Race, Language, and Culture University of Chicago Press p. 212
  82. ↑ Tusculanes (in French) Nismes: J. Gaude 1812 p. 273 OCLC 457735057 archived from the original|archiveurl= requires |url= (help) on September 2, 2018 retrieved March 3, 2018 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-first= ignored (help)
  83. ↑ James, Paul; Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred (2015) Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability London: Routledge p. 53 ISBN 978-1-138-02572-1 OCLC 942553107 archived from the original on June 26, 2017 retrieved May 29, 2017 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  84. ↑ Pyszczynski, Tom; Solomon, Sheldon; Greenberg, Jeff (2015) Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 52 pp. 1–70 ISBN 978-0-12-802247-4 doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001
  85. ↑ Greenberg, Jeff; Koole, Sander L.; Pyszczynski, Tom (2013) Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology Guilford Publications ISBN 978-1-4625-1479-3 archived from the original on December 31, 2016 retrieved June 1, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  86. ↑ Sardar, Ziauddin; Van Loon, Borin; Appignanesi, Richard (1994) Introducing Cultural Studies New York: Totem Books ISBN 978-1-84046-587-7 OCLC 937991291
  87. ↑ Fiske, John; Turner, Graeme; Hodge, Robert Ian Vere (1987) Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture London: Allen and Unwin ISBN 978-0-04-330391-7 OCLC 883364628
  88. ↑ Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich; Holquist, Michael (1981) The dialogic imagination four essays Austin: University of Texas Press p. 4 OCLC 872436352
  89. ↑ "Comparative Cultural Studies" Purdue University Press 2015 archived from the original on 23 Jun 2010 retrieved October 30, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  90. ↑ "Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon" (in German) April 28, 2019 archived from the original on May 26, 2020 retrieved December 13, 2020 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  91. ↑ Shepard, Robert (August 2002) "Commodification, culture and tourism" Tourist Studies 2 (2): 183–201 doi:10.1177/146879702761936653
  92. ↑ Jaafar, Mastura; Rasoolimanesh, S. Mostafa; Ismail, Safura (2017) "Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island" Tourism and Hospitality Research 17 (2): 123–134 doi:10.1177/1467358415610373
  93. ↑ Jackson, Y. Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, p. 203.
  94. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1988) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society Fontana p. 87
  95. ↑ Childe, V. Gordon (1951) Man Makes Himself Mentor p. 150
  96. ↑ Bourdieu, Pierre (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste Routledge p. 1
  97. ↑ Hall, Stuart (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices Sage p. 17
  98. ↑ Storey, John (1996) Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice Routledge p. 50
  99. ↑ Eagleton, Terry (1983) Literary Theory: An Introduction Blackwell p. 95
  100. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1958) Culture and Society Chatto & Windus p. 125
  101. ↑ Harris, Marvin (1979) Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture Random House p. 2
  102. ↑ Geertz, Clifford (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures Basic Books p. 89
  103. ↑ Kymlicka, Will (1995) Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights Oxford University Press p. 4
  104. ↑ Hebdige, Dick (1979) Subculture: The Meaning of Style Routledge p. 5
  105. ↑ Boas, Franz (1940) Race, Language, and Culture University of Chicago Press p. 212
  106. ↑ Tusculanes (in French) Nismes: J. Gaude 1812 p. 273 OCLC 457735057 archived from the original|archiveurl= requires |url= (help) on September 2, 2018 retrieved March 3, 2018 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-first= ignored (help)
  107. ↑ James, Paul; Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred (2015) Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability London: Routledge p. 53 ISBN 978-1-138-02572-1 OCLC 942553107 archived from the original on June 26, 2017 retrieved May 29, 2017 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  108. ↑ Pyszczynski, Tom; Solomon, Sheldon; Greenberg, Jeff (2015) Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 52 pp. 1–70 ISBN 978-0-12-802247-4 doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001
  109. ↑ Greenberg, Jeff; Koole, Sander L.; Pyszczynski, Tom (2013) Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology Guilford Publications ISBN 978-1-4625-1479-3 archived from the original on December 31, 2016 retrieved June 1, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  110. ↑ Sardar, Ziauddin; Van Loon, Borin; Appignanesi, Richard (1994) Introducing Cultural Studies New York: Totem Books ISBN 978-1-84046-587-7 OCLC 937991291
  111. ↑ Fiske, John; Turner, Graeme; Hodge, Robert Ian Vere (1987) Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture London: Allen and Unwin ISBN 978-0-04-330391-7 OCLC 883364628
  112. ↑ Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich; Holquist, Michael (1981) The dialogic imagination four essays Austin: University of Texas Press p. 4 OCLC 872436352
  113. ↑ "Comparative Cultural Studies" Purdue University Press 2015 archived from the original on 23 Jun 2010 retrieved October 30, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  114. ↑ Lindlof, Thomas R.; Taylor, Bryan C. (2002) Qualitative Communication Research Methods (2nd ed.) Sage p. 60 ISBN 978-0-7619-2493-7 OCLC 780825710
  115. ↑ Jenkins, Henry (1992) Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture Routledge p. 2
  116. ↑ Fiske, John (1989) Understanding Popular Culture Routledge p. 67
  117. ↑ "Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon" (in German) April 28, 2019 archived from the original on May 26, 2020 retrieved December 13, 2020 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  118. ↑ Shepard, Robert (August 2002) "Commodification, culture and tourism" Tourist Studies 2 (2): 183–201 doi:10.1177/146879702761936653
  119. ↑ Jaafar, Mastura; Rasoolimanesh, S. Mostafa; Ismail, Safura (2017) "Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island" Tourism and Hospitality Research 17 (2): 123–134 doi:10.1177/1467358415610373
  120. ↑ Jackson, Y. Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, p. 203.
  121. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1988) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society Fontana p. 87
  122. ↑ Childe, V. Gordon (1951) Man Makes Himself Mentor p. 150
  123. ↑ Bourdieu, Pierre (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste Routledge p. 1
  124. ↑ Hall, Stuart (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices Sage p. 17
  125. ↑ Storey, John (1996) Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice Routledge p. 50
  126. ↑ Eagleton, Terry (1983) Literary Theory: An Introduction Blackwell p. 95
  127. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1958) Culture and Society Chatto & Windus p. 125
  128. ↑ Harris, Marvin (1979) Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture Random House p. 2
  129. ↑ Geertz, Clifford (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures Basic Books p. 89
  130. ↑ Kymlicka, Will (1995) Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights Oxford University Press p. 4
  131. ↑ Hebdige, Dick (1979) Subculture: The Meaning of Style Routledge p. 5
  132. ↑ Boas, Franz (1940) Race, Language, and Culture University of Chicago Press p. 212
  133. ↑ Tusculanes (in French) Nismes: J. Gaude 1812 p. 273 OCLC 457735057 archived from the original|archiveurl= requires |url= (help) on September 2, 2018 retrieved March 3, 2018 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-first= ignored (help)
  134. ↑ James, Paul; Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred (2015) Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability London: Routledge p. 53 ISBN 978-1-138-02572-1 OCLC 942553107 archived from the original on June 26, 2017 retrieved May 29, 2017 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  135. ↑ Pyszczynski, Tom; Solomon, Sheldon; Greenberg, Jeff (2015) Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 52 pp. 1–70 ISBN 978-0-12-802247-4 doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001
  136. ↑ Greenberg, Jeff; Koole, Sander L.; Pyszczynski, Tom (2013) Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology Guilford Publications ISBN 978-1-4625-1479-3 archived from the original on December 31, 2016 retrieved June 1, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  137. ↑ Sardar, Ziauddin; Van Loon, Borin; Appignanesi, Richard (1994) Introducing Cultural Studies New York: Totem Books ISBN 978-1-84046-587-7 OCLC 937991291
  138. ↑ Fiske, John; Turner, Graeme; Hodge, Robert Ian Vere (1987) Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture London: Allen and Unwin ISBN 978-0-04-330391-7 OCLC 883364628
  139. ↑ Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich; Holquist, Michael (1981) The dialogic imagination four essays Austin: University of Texas Press p. 4 OCLC 872436352
  140. ↑ "Comparative Cultural Studies" Purdue University Press 2015 archived from the original on 23 Jun 2010 retrieved October 30, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  141. ↑ Lindlof, Thomas R.; Taylor, Bryan C. (2002) Qualitative Communication Research Methods (2nd ed.) Sage p. 60 ISBN 978-0-7619-2493-7 OCLC 780825710
  142. ↑ Jenkins, Henry (1992) Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture Routledge p. 2
  143. ↑ Fiske, John (1989) Understanding Popular Culture Routledge p. 67
  144. ↑ "Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon" (in German) April 28, 2019 archived from the original on May 26, 2020 retrieved December 13, 2020 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  145. ↑ Shepard, Robert (August 2002) "Commodification, culture and tourism" Tourist Studies 2 (2): 183–201 doi:10.1177/146879702761936653
  146. ↑ Jaafar, Mastura; Rasoolimanesh, S. Mostafa; Ismail, Safura (2017) "Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island" Tourism and Hospitality Research 17 (2): 123–134 doi:10.1177/1467358415610373
  147. ↑ Jackson, Y. Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, p. 203.
  148. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1988) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society Fontana p. 87
  149. ↑ Childe, V. Gordon (1951) Man Makes Himself Mentor p. 150
  150. ↑ Bourdieu, Pierre (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste Routledge p. 1
  151. ↑ Hall, Stuart (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices Sage p. 17
  152. ↑ Storey, John (1996) Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice Routledge p. 50
  153. ↑ Eagleton, Terry (1983) Literary Theory: An Introduction Blackwell p. 95
  154. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1958) Culture and Society Chatto & Windus p. 125
  155. ↑ Harris, Marvin (1979) Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture Random House p. 2
  156. ↑ Geertz, Clifford (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures Basic Books p. 89
  157. ↑ Kymlicka, Will (1995) Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights Oxford University Press p. 4
  158. ↑ Hebdige, Dick (1979) Subculture: The Meaning of Style Routledge p. 5
  159. ↑ Boas, Franz (1940) Race, Language, and Culture University of Chicago Press p. 212
  160. ↑ Tusculanes (in French) Nismes: J. Gaude 1812 p. 273 OCLC 457735057 archived from the original|archiveurl= requires |url= (help) on September 2, 2018 retrieved March 3, 2018 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-first= ignored (help)
  161. ↑ James, Paul; Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred (2015) Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability London: Routledge p. 53 ISBN 978-1-138-02572-1 OCLC 942553107 archived from the original on June 26, 2017 retrieved May 29, 2017 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  162. ↑ Pyszczynski, Tom; Solomon, Sheldon; Greenberg, Jeff (2015) Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 52 pp. 1–70 ISBN 978-0-12-802247-4 doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001
  163. ↑ Greenberg, Jeff; Koole, Sander L.; Pyszczynski, Tom (2013) Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology Guilford Publications ISBN 978-1-4625-1479-3 archived from the original on December 31, 2016 retrieved June 1, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  164. ↑ Sardar, Ziauddin; Van Loon, Borin; Appignanesi, Richard (1994) Introducing Cultural Studies New York: Totem Books ISBN 978-1-84046-587-7 OCLC 937991291
  165. ↑ Fiske, John; Turner, Graeme; Hodge, Robert Ian Vere (1987) Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture London: Allen and Unwin ISBN 978-0-04-330391-7 OCLC 883364628
  166. ↑ Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich; Holquist, Michael (1981) The dialogic imagination four essays Austin: University of Texas Press p. 4 OCLC 872436352
  167. ↑ "Comparative Cultural Studies" Purdue University Press 2015 archived from the original on 23 Jun 2010 retrieved October 30, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  168. ↑ Lindlof, Thomas R.; Taylor, Bryan C. (2002) Qualitative Communication Research Methods (2nd ed.) Sage p. 60 ISBN 978-0-7619-2493-7 OCLC 780825710
  169. ↑ Jenkins, Henry (1992) Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture Routledge p. 2
  170. ↑ Fiske, John (1989) Understanding Popular Culture Routledge p. 67
  171. ↑ "Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon" (in German) April 28, 2019 archived from the original on May 26, 2020 retrieved December 13, 2020 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  172. ↑ Shepard, Robert (August 2002) "Commodification, culture and tourism" Tourist Studies 2 (2): 183–201 doi:10.1177/146879702761936653
  173. ↑ Jaafar, Mastura; Rasoolimanesh, S. Mostafa; Ismail, Safura (2017) "Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island" Tourism and Hospitality Research 17 (2): 123–134 doi:10.1177/1467358415610373
  174. ↑ Jackson, Y. Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, p. 203.
  175. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1988) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society Fontana p. 87
  176. ↑ Childe, V. Gordon (1951) Man Makes Himself Mentor p. 150
  177. ↑ Bourdieu, Pierre (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste Routledge p. 1
  178. ↑ Hall, Stuart (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices Sage p. 17
  179. ↑ Storey, John (1996) Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice Routledge p. 50
  180. ↑ Eagleton, Terry (1983) Literary Theory: An Introduction Blackwell p. 95
  181. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1958) Culture and Society Chatto & Windus p. 125
  182. ↑ Harris, Marvin (1979) Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture Random House p. 2
  183. ↑ Geertz, Clifford (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures Basic Books p. 89
  184. ↑ Kymlicka, Will (1995) Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights Oxford University Press p. 4
  185. ↑ Hebdige, Dick (1979) Subculture: The Meaning of Style Routledge p. 5
  186. ↑ Boas, Franz (1940) Race, Language, and Culture University of Chicago Press p. 212
  187. ↑ Tusculanes (in French) Nismes: J. Gaude 1812 p. 273 OCLC 457735057 archived from the original|archiveurl= requires |url= (help) on September 2, 2018 retrieved March 3, 2018 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-first= ignored (help)
  188. ↑ James, Paul; Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred (2015) Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability London: Routledge p. 53 ISBN 978-1-138-02572-1 OCLC 942553107 archived from the original on June 26, 2017 retrieved May 29, 2017 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  189. ↑ Pyszczynski, Tom; Solomon, Sheldon; Greenberg, Jeff (2015) Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 52 pp. 1–70 ISBN 978-0-12-802247-4 doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001
  190. ↑ Greenberg, Jeff; Koole, Sander L.; Pyszczynski, Tom (2013) Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology Guilford Publications ISBN 978-1-4625-1479-3 archived from the original on December 31, 2016 retrieved June 1, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  191. ↑ Sardar, Ziauddin; Van Loon, Borin; Appignanesi, Richard (1994) Introducing Cultural Studies New York: Totem Books ISBN 978-1-84046-587-7 OCLC 937991291
  192. ↑ Fiske, John; Turner, Graeme; Hodge, Robert Ian Vere (1987) Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture London: Allen and Unwin ISBN 978-0-04-330391-7 OCLC 883364628
  193. ↑ Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich; Holquist, Michael (1981) The dialogic imagination four essays Austin: University of Texas Press p. 4 OCLC 872436352
  194. ↑ "Comparative Cultural Studies" Purdue University Press 2015 archived from the original on 23 Jun 2010 retrieved October 30, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  195. ↑ Lindlof, Thomas R.; Taylor, Bryan C. (2002) Qualitative Communication Research Methods (2nd ed.) Sage p. 60 ISBN 978-0-7619-2493-7 OCLC 780825710
  196. ↑ Jenkins, Henry (1992) Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture Routledge p. 2
  197. ↑ Fiske, John (1989) Understanding Popular Culture Routledge p. 67
  198. ↑ Du Gay, Paul, ed. (1997) Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman Sage ISBN 978-0-7619-5402-6 OCLC 949857570 retrieved July 2, 2015
  199. ↑ "Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon" (in German) April 28, 2019 archived from the original on May 26, 2020 retrieved December 13, 2020 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  200. ↑ Shepard, Robert (August 2002) "Commodification, culture and tourism" Tourist Studies 2 (2): 183–201 doi:10.1177/146879702761936653
  201. ↑ Jaafar, Mastura; Rasoolimanesh, S. Mostafa; Ismail, Safura (2017) "Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island" Tourism and Hospitality Research 17 (2): 123–134 doi:10.1177/1467358415610373
  202. ↑ Jackson, Y. Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, p. 203.
  203. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1988) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society Fontana p. 87
  204. ↑ Childe, V. Gordon (1951) Man Makes Himself Mentor p. 150
  205. ↑ Bourdieu, Pierre (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste Routledge p. 1
  206. ↑ Hall, Stuart (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices Sage p. 17
  207. ↑ Storey, John (1996) Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice Routledge p. 50
  208. ↑ Eagleton, Terry (1983) Literary Theory: An Introduction Blackwell p. 95
  209. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1958) Culture and Society Chatto & Windus p. 125
  210. ↑ Harris, Marvin (1979) Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture Random House p. 2
  211. ↑ Geertz, Clifford (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures Basic Books p. 89
  212. ↑ Kymlicka, Will (1995) Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights Oxford University Press p. 4
  213. ↑ Hebdige, Dick (1979) Subculture: The Meaning of Style Routledge p. 5
  214. ↑ Boas, Franz (1940) Race, Language, and Culture University of Chicago Press p. 212
  215. ↑ Tusculanes (in French) Nismes: J. Gaude 1812 p. 273 OCLC 457735057 archived from the original|archiveurl= requires |url= (help) on September 2, 2018 retrieved March 3, 2018 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-first= ignored (help)
  216. ↑ James, Paul; Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred (2015) Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability London: Routledge p. 53 ISBN 978-1-138-02572-1 OCLC 942553107 archived from the original on June 26, 2017 retrieved May 29, 2017 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  217. ↑ Pyszczynski, Tom; Solomon, Sheldon; Greenberg, Jeff (2015) Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 52 pp. 1–70 ISBN 978-0-12-802247-4 doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001
  218. ↑ Greenberg, Jeff; Koole, Sander L.; Pyszczynski, Tom (2013) Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology Guilford Publications ISBN 978-1-4625-1479-3 archived from the original on December 31, 2016 retrieved June 1, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  219. ↑ Sardar, Ziauddin; Van Loon, Borin; Appignanesi, Richard (1994) Introducing Cultural Studies New York: Totem Books ISBN 978-1-84046-587-7 OCLC 937991291
  220. ↑ Fiske, John; Turner, Graeme; Hodge, Robert Ian Vere (1987) Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture London: Allen and Unwin ISBN 978-0-04-330391-7 OCLC 883364628
  221. ↑ Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich; Holquist, Michael (1981) The dialogic imagination four essays Austin: University of Texas Press p. 4 OCLC 872436352
  222. ↑ "Comparative Cultural Studies" Purdue University Press 2015 archived from the original on 23 Jun 2010 retrieved October 30, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  223. ↑ Lindlof, Thomas R.; Taylor, Bryan C. (2002) Qualitative Communication Research Methods (2nd ed.) Sage p. 60 ISBN 978-0-7619-2493-7 OCLC 780825710
  224. ↑ Jenkins, Henry (1992) Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture Routledge p. 2
  225. ↑ Fiske, John (1989) Understanding Popular Culture Routledge p. 67
  226. ↑ Du Gay, Paul, ed. (1997) Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman Sage ISBN 978-0-7619-5402-6 OCLC 949857570 retrieved July 2, 2015
  227. ↑ Petrakis, Panagiotis; Kostis, Pantelis (December 1, 2013) "Economic growth and cultural change" The Journal of Socio-Economics 47: 147–157 doi:10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011
  228. ↑ "Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon" (in German) April 28, 2019 archived from the original on May 26, 2020 retrieved December 13, 2020 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  229. ↑ Shepard, Robert (August 2002) "Commodification, culture and tourism" Tourist Studies 2 (2): 183–201 doi:10.1177/146879702761936653
  230. ↑ Jaafar, Mastura; Rasoolimanesh, S. Mostafa; Ismail, Safura (2017) "Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island" Tourism and Hospitality Research 17 (2): 123–134 doi:10.1177/1467358415610373
  231. ↑ Jackson, Y. Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, p. 203.
  232. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1988) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society Fontana p. 87
  233. ↑ Childe, V. Gordon (1951) Man Makes Himself Mentor p. 150
  234. ↑ Bourdieu, Pierre (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste Routledge p. 1
  235. ↑ Hall, Stuart (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices Sage p. 17
  236. ↑ Storey, John (1996) Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice Routledge p. 50
  237. ↑ Eagleton, Terry (1983) Literary Theory: An Introduction Blackwell p. 95
  238. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1958) Culture and Society Chatto & Windus p. 125
  239. ↑ Harris, Marvin (1979) Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture Random House p. 2
  240. ↑ Geertz, Clifford (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures Basic Books p. 89
  241. ↑ Kymlicka, Will (1995) Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights Oxford University Press p. 4
  242. ↑ Hebdige, Dick (1979) Subculture: The Meaning of Style Routledge p. 5
  243. ↑ Boas, Franz (1940) Race, Language, and Culture University of Chicago Press p. 212
  244. ↑ Tusculanes (in French) Nismes: J. Gaude 1812 p. 273 OCLC 457735057 archived from the original|archiveurl= requires |url= (help) on September 2, 2018 retrieved March 3, 2018 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-first= ignored (help)
  245. ↑ James, Paul; Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred (2015) Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability London: Routledge p. 53 ISBN 978-1-138-02572-1 OCLC 942553107 archived from the original on June 26, 2017 retrieved May 29, 2017 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  246. ↑ Pyszczynski, Tom; Solomon, Sheldon; Greenberg, Jeff (2015) Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 52 pp. 1–70 ISBN 978-0-12-802247-4 doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001
  247. ↑ Greenberg, Jeff; Koole, Sander L.; Pyszczynski, Tom (2013) Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology Guilford Publications ISBN 978-1-4625-1479-3 archived from the original on December 31, 2016 retrieved June 1, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  248. ↑ Sardar, Ziauddin; Van Loon, Borin; Appignanesi, Richard (1994) Introducing Cultural Studies New York: Totem Books ISBN 978-1-84046-587-7 OCLC 937991291
  249. ↑ Fiske, John; Turner, Graeme; Hodge, Robert Ian Vere (1987) Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture London: Allen and Unwin ISBN 978-0-04-330391-7 OCLC 883364628
  250. ↑ Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich; Holquist, Michael (1981) The dialogic imagination four essays Austin: University of Texas Press p. 4 OCLC 872436352
  251. ↑ "Comparative Cultural Studies" Purdue University Press 2015 archived from the original on 23 Jun 2010 retrieved October 30, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  252. ↑ Lindlof, Thomas R.; Taylor, Bryan C. (2002) Qualitative Communication Research Methods (2nd ed.) Sage p. 60 ISBN 978-0-7619-2493-7 OCLC 780825710
  253. ↑ Jenkins, Henry (1992) Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture Routledge p. 2
  254. ↑ Fiske, John (1989) Understanding Popular Culture Routledge p. 67
  255. ↑ Du Gay, Paul, ed. (1997) Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman Sage ISBN 978-0-7619-5402-6 OCLC 949857570 retrieved July 2, 2015
  256. ↑ Petrakis, Panagiotis; Kostis, Pantelis (December 1, 2013) "Economic growth and cultural change" The Journal of Socio-Economics 47: 147–157 doi:10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011
  257. ↑ "Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon" (in German) April 28, 2019 archived from the original on May 26, 2020 retrieved December 13, 2020 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  258. ↑ Shepard, Robert (August 2002) "Commodification, culture and tourism" Tourist Studies 2 (2): 183–201 doi:10.1177/146879702761936653
  259. ↑ Jaafar, Mastura; Rasoolimanesh, S. Mostafa; Ismail, Safura (2017) "Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island" Tourism and Hospitality Research 17 (2): 123–134 doi:10.1177/1467358415610373
  260. ↑ Jackson, Y. Encyclopedia of Multicultural Psychology, p. 203.
  261. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1988) Keywords: A Vocabulary of Culture and Society Fontana p. 87
  262. ↑ Childe, V. Gordon (1951) Man Makes Himself Mentor p. 150
  263. ↑ Bourdieu, Pierre (1984) Distinction: A Social Critique of the Judgement of Taste Routledge p. 1
  264. ↑ Hall, Stuart (1997) Representation: Cultural Representations and Signifying Practices Sage p. 17
  265. ↑ Storey, John (1996) Cultural Studies: Theory and Practice Routledge p. 50
  266. ↑ Eagleton, Terry (1983) Literary Theory: An Introduction Blackwell p. 95
  267. ↑ Williams, Raymond (1958) Culture and Society Chatto & Windus p. 125
  268. ↑ Harris, Marvin (1979) Cultural Materialism: The Struggle for a Science of Culture Random House p. 2
  269. ↑ Geertz, Clifford (1973) The Interpretation of Cultures Basic Books p. 89
  270. ↑ Kymlicka, Will (1995) Multicultural Citizenship: A Liberal Theory of Minority Rights Oxford University Press p. 4
  271. ↑ Hebdige, Dick (1979) Subculture: The Meaning of Style Routledge p. 5
  272. ↑ Boas, Franz (1940) Race, Language, and Culture University of Chicago Press p. 212
  273. ↑ Tusculanes (in French) Nismes: J. Gaude 1812 p. 273 OCLC 457735057 archived from the original|archiveurl= requires |url= (help) on September 2, 2018 retrieved March 3, 2018 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-last= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |translator-first= ignored (help)
  274. ↑ James, Paul; Magee, Liam; Scerri, Andy; Steger, Manfred (2015) Urban Sustainability in Theory and Practice: Circles of Sustainability London: Routledge p. 53 ISBN 978-1-138-02572-1 OCLC 942553107 archived from the original on June 26, 2017 retrieved May 29, 2017 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  275. ↑ Pyszczynski, Tom; Solomon, Sheldon; Greenberg, Jeff (2015) Thirty Years of Terror Management Theory Advances in Experimental Social Psychology 52 pp. 1–70 ISBN 978-0-12-802247-4 doi:10.1016/bs.aesp.2015.03.001
  276. ↑ Greenberg, Jeff; Koole, Sander L.; Pyszczynski, Tom (2013) Handbook of Experimental Existential Psychology Guilford Publications ISBN 978-1-4625-1479-3 archived from the original on December 31, 2016 retrieved June 1, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  277. ↑ Sardar, Ziauddin; Van Loon, Borin; Appignanesi, Richard (1994) Introducing Cultural Studies New York: Totem Books ISBN 978-1-84046-587-7 OCLC 937991291
  278. ↑ Fiske, John; Turner, Graeme; Hodge, Robert Ian Vere (1987) Myths of Oz: reading Australian popular culture London: Allen and Unwin ISBN 978-0-04-330391-7 OCLC 883364628
  279. ↑ Bakhtin, Mikhail Mikhaĭlovich; Holquist, Michael (1981) The dialogic imagination four essays Austin: University of Texas Press p. 4 OCLC 872436352
  280. ↑ "Comparative Cultural Studies" Purdue University Press 2015 archived from the original on 23 Jun 2010 retrieved October 30, 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  281. ↑ Lindlof, Thomas R.; Taylor, Bryan C. (2002) Qualitative Communication Research Methods (2nd ed.) Sage p. 60 ISBN 978-0-7619-2493-7 OCLC 780825710
  282. ↑ Jenkins, Henry (1992) Textual Poachers: Television Fans and Participatory Culture Routledge p. 2
  283. ↑ Fiske, John (1989) Understanding Popular Culture Routledge p. 67
  284. ↑ Du Gay, Paul, ed. (1997) Doing Cultural Studies: The Story of the Sony Walkman Sage ISBN 978-0-7619-5402-6 OCLC 949857570 retrieved July 2, 2015
  285. ↑ Petrakis, Panagiotis; Kostis, Pantelis (December 1, 2013) "Economic growth and cultural change" The Journal of Socio-Economics 47: 147–157 doi:10.1016/j.socec.2013.02.011
  286. ↑ Meaning in Action: Outline of an Integral Theory of Culture Cambridge: Polity 2016 ISBN 978-1-5095-1124-2 OCLC 944339574
  287. ↑ "Karl von Habsburg auf Mission im Libanon" (in German) April 28, 2019 archived from the original on May 26, 2020 retrieved December 13, 2020 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  288. ↑ Shepard, Robert (August 2002) "Commodification, culture and tourism" Tourist Studies 2 (2): 183–201 doi:10.1177/146879702761936653
  289. ↑ Jaafar, Mastura; Rasoolimanesh, S. Mostafa; Ismail, Safura (2017) "Perceived sociocultural impacts of tourism and community participation: A case study of Langkawi Island" Tourism and Hospitality Research 17 (2): 123–134 doi:10.1177/1467358415610373
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