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Deepwater Horizon oil spill

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Ukuchitheka kweoyile eDeepwater Horizon kwakuyintlekele yokusingqongileyo eqale ngomhla wama-20 ku-Epreli 2010 kunxweme lwase- United States kwiGulf of Mexico, kwiMacondo Prospect esebenza yi -BP . [1] [2] [3] [4] Ithathwa njengeyona ndawo inkulu yokuchitheka kweoyile yaselwandle kwimbali yeshishini lepetroleum kwaye kuqikelelwa ukuba inkulu nge-8 ukuya kwi-31 ekhulwini kunomthamo omkhulu wangaphambili, ukuchitheka kweoyile ye-Ixtoc I, ekwiGulf of Mexico. Emva kokuqhushumba nokuqhuma kweqonga leoyile leDeepwater Horizon, urhulumente wobumbano wase-United States uqikelele ukuba inani lilonke lamanzi amdaka liyi- 4.9 million barrels (210,000,000 US gal; 780,000 m3) . Emva kwemizamo emininzi engaphumelelanga yokuthintela ukugeleza kwamanzi, iqula labhengezwa livaliwe ngomhla we-19 kuSeptemba 2010. [5] Iingxelo zasekuqaleni kuka-2012 zibonise ukuba indawo yomthombo isavuza. [6] [7] Ukuchitheka kweoyile eDeepwater Horizon kuthathwa njengenye yeentlekele ezinkulu zokusingqongileyo kwimbali yehlabathi.

Kuye kwalandela impendulo enkulu yokukhusela iilwandle, iindawo ezimanzi kunye nemilambo kwioyile esasazekayo kusetyenziswa iinqanawa ezicothayo, ii-floating booms, ukutsha okulawulwayo kunye ne iThemplethi:Cvt ye- oyile ekhupha ioyile . Ngenxa yokuchitheka kwenyanga, kunye nemiphumo emibi evela kwimisebenzi yokusabela nokucoca, kuye kwaxelwa umonakalo omkhulu kwiindawo zokuhlala zaselwandle nezilwanyana zasendle kunye namashishini okuloba nezokhenketho. [8] ELouisiana, amaqela okucoca ioyile asebenza iintsuku ezine ngeveki kwi- iThemplethi:Cvt yonxweme lwaseLouisiana kulo lonke u-2013. iThemplethi:Cvt yezinto ezinamafutha zisusiwe elunxwemeni ngo-2013, ngaphezulu kwesibini senani eliqokelelwe ngo-2012. [9] Ioyile yaqhubeka ifunyanwa kude nendawo yaseMacondo ukuya kumanzi akwiFlorida panhandle naseTampa Bay, apho izazinzulu zithe umxube weoyile kunye ne-dispersant ufakwe kwisanti . [10] Ngo-Epreli ka-2013, kwaxelwa ukuba iidolphin nezinye izinto eziphilayo zaselwandle zaqhubeka nokufa ngamanani angaphezulu, apho iidolphin ezisandula ukuzalwa zisifa ngokuphindwe kathandathu kunesiqhelo. [11] Olunye uphando olwakhutshwa ngo-2014 lubike ukuba i-tuna kunye ne-amberjack ezivezwe kwioyile evela ekuchithekeni kwazo zavelisa ukukhubazeka kwentliziyo kunye nezinye izitho, nto leyo ekulindeleke ukuba ibulale okanye inciphise ubomi; olunye uphando lufumanise ukuba ubuthi bentliziyo busenokuba buxhaphakile kubomi bezilwanyana ezivezwe ekuchithekeni kwazo. [12] [13]

Uphando oluninzi luhlolisise izizathu zokuqhuma kunye nokuchitheka kweoyile okubeka iirekhodi. Ingxelo karhulumente wase-US, eyapapashwa ngoSeptemba 2011, ichonge ukugcinwa kwesimende okungalunganga kwequla njengesizathu esiphambili yaza yanika uninzi lwembopheleleko kwi -BP, ngelixa ikwagxeka umqhubi wezixhobo iTransocean kunye nomqambi uHalliburton . [14] Ngaphambili ngo-2011, ikhomishini yeWhite House nayo yatyhola iBP kunye namaqabane ayo ngezigqibo zokunciphisa iindleko kunye neenkqubo zokhuseleko ezinganeleyo. Ikhomishini ikwagqibe kwelokuba le ntlekele ibonakalisa ukusilela kwenkqubo kwaye yalumkisa ukuba, ngaphandle kotshintsho olukhulu kwimikhwa yoshishino kunye nomgaqo-nkqubo karhulumente, isiganeko esifanayo sinokuphinda senzeke. [15]

NgoNovemba ka-2012, i-BP kunye neSebe lezoBulungisa lase-United States baxazulula amatyala olwaphulo-mthetho karhulumente, apho i-BP yavuma ityala kwi-11 lamatyala okubulala ngengozi, amatyala amabini angaqhelekanga, kunye netyala lokuxoka kwi- United States Congress . I-BP ikwavumile ukuba urhulumente ajonge imisebenzi yakhe yokhuseleko kunye nemigaqo yokuziphatha iminyaka emine, kwaye i -Arhente yoKhuseleko lweNdalo ibhengeze ukuba i-BP iza kuvalelwa okwethutyana kwizivumelwano ezintsha norhulumente waseMelika. I-BP kunye neSebe lezoBulungisa bavumile ukubeka irekhodi le-$4.525 iibhiliyoni zeentlawulo kunye nezinye iintlawulo. [16] [17] [18] NgoSeptemba 2014, ijaji yenkundla yesithili sase-US yagqiba kwelokuba i-BP yayinoxanduva olukhulu lokuchitheka kweoyile ngenxa yokungakhathali kwayo okukhulu kunye nokuziphatha kwayo ngokungakhathali. [19] Ngo-Epreli 2016, i-BP yavuma ukuhlawula i-$20.8 iibhiliyoni zeemali zokuhlawula, eyona ntlawulo inkulu yomonakalo odalwe yindalo kwimbali yase-US. [20] Ukusukela ngonyaka ka- , iindleko zokucoca, iindleko kunye nezohlwayo zibize inkampani ngaphezulu kwe-$65 ibhiliyoni. [21] [22]

  1. ↑ Robertson, Campbell; Krauss, Clifford (2 August 2010) "Gulf Spill Is the Largest of Its Kind, Scientists Say" The New York Times retrieved 12 August 2010
  2. ↑ "BP leak the world's worst accidental oil spill" The Daily Telegraph (London) 3 August 2010 archived from the original on 11 January 2022 retrieved 15 August 2010 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help); Unknown parameter |url-access= ignored (help)
  3. ↑ Jervis, Rick; Levin, Alan (27 May 2010) "Obama, in Gulf, pledges to push on stopping leak" USA Today Associated Press retrieved 3 March 2013
  4. ↑ "Memorial service honors 11 dead oil rig workers" USA Today
  5. ↑ Weber, Harry R. (19 September 2010) "Blown-out BP well finally killed at bottom of Gulf" Boston Globe Associated Press archived from the original on 30 January 2016 Unknown parameter |url-status= ignored (help)
  6. ↑ Jamail, Dahr (4 March 2012) "BP settles while Macondo 'seeps'" Al Jazeera retrieved 1 June 2012
  7. ↑ "Rocky Kistner: The Macondo Monkey on BP's Back" HuffPost 30 September 2011 retrieved 1 June 2012
  8. ↑ Tangley, Laura (30 April 2010) "Bird Habitats Threatened by Oil Spill" National Wildlife (National Wildlife Federation) retrieved 3 May 2010
  9. ↑ Elliott, Debbie (21 December 2013) "For BP Cleanup, 2013 Meant 4.6 Million Pounds Of Oily Gunk" NPR
  10. ↑ "Oil from BP spill pushed onto shelf off Tampa Bay by underwater currents, study finds" Tampa Bay Times 20 August 2013
  11. ↑ Viegas, Jen (2 April 2013) "Record Dolphin, Sea Turtle Deaths Since Gulf Spill" archived from the original on 30 January 2016
  12. ↑ Sahagun, Louis (13 February 2014) "Toxins released by oil spills send fish hearts into cardiac arrest" Los Angeles Times retrieved 17 February 2014
  13. ↑ Wines, Michael (24 March 2014) "Fish Embryos Exposed to Oil From BP Spill Develop Deformities, a Study Finds" The New York Times retrieved 25 March 2014
  14. ↑ "BP Mostly, But Not Entirely, to Blame for Gulf Spill – National" The Atlantic Wire 14 September 2011 archived from the original on 2 August 2013 retrieved 1 June 2012
  15. ↑ "Obama oil spill commission's final report blames disaster on cost-cutting by BP and partners" The Daily Telegraph (London) 5 January 2011 retrieved 5 November 2011
  16. ↑ Krauss, Clifford; Schwartz, John (15 November 2012) "BP Will Plead Guilty and Pay Over $4 Billion" The New York Times retrieved 3 February 2013
  17. ↑ Muskal, Michael (29 January 2013) "BP pleads guilty to manslaughter in 2010 gulf oil spill" Los Angeles Times retrieved 3 February 2013
  18. ↑ Goldenberg, Suzanne; Macalister, Terry (28 November 2012) "BP suspended from new US federal contracts over Deepwater disaster" The Guardian retrieved 20 March 2025
  19. ↑ Robertson, Campbell; Krauss, Clifford (4 September 2014) "BP May Be Fined Up to $18 Billion for Spill in Gulf" The New York Times retrieved 6 September 2014
  20. ↑ "Deepwater Horizon oil spill settlements: Where the money went" NOAA 20 April 2017
  21. ↑ Bousso, Ron (16 January 2018) "BP Deepwater Horizon costs balloon to $65 billion" Reuters archived from the original on 16 January 2018 retrieved 31 May 2018
  22. ↑ Ward, Andrew (1 May 2018) "BP hints at future dividend increases" Financial Times retrieved 31 May 2018 Unknown parameter |url-access= ignored (help)
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